FIGURE 2.

Proinflammatory mediators released by colonic mucosa of IBS‐D patients and healthy controls (HC) are shown. Some IBS‐D patients exhibit increased release of histamine, mast cell (MC) tryptase, and PGE₂ (A). IBS‐D patients but not healthy controls (HCs) show increased COX2 mRNA (B) and COX2/GAPDH protein (C) expression. Immunofluorescence staining for COX2 (red) and MC tryptase (green) is shown for HCs and IBS‐D patients (D). Superimposed staining shows significant overlap of COX2 and MC tryptase immunoreactivity (yellow). Scale bar: 200 mm. From Grabauskas et al. ²⁴