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. 2022 Jul 11;13(4):1166–1182. doi: 10.14336/AD.2021.1228

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copyright: © 2022 Wu et al.

this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium provided that the original work is properly attributed.

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Figure 4. — Molecular interface between bioenergetics, signaling pathways, and chondrocytes metabolism. Regulation of chondrocytes metabolism by (A) Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide metabolism pathway, (B) Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathways, (C) Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) pathway, (D) The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway and (E) Phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN)/ Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/ Protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathway.