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. 2022 Jun 24;10(6):e2021EF002612. doi: 10.1029/2021EF002612

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© 2022 The Authors. Earth's Future published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Geophysical Union.

This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Monthly space sector emissions in 2019 from boosters, first launch stages and re‐entry burn as implemented in GEOS‐Chem. Numbers in the legend give the total annual emissions of each pollutant. Listed above the chart are the number of launches and re‐entries in each month. Emissions increase to 16.7 Gg H₂O, 0.8 Gg BC, 2.5 Gg Al₂O₃, 1.4 Gg HCl + Cl and 3.4 Gg NO_x in the last year of the 10‐year simulation.