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Effect of rocket launch and re‐entry emissions on global climate forcing. Bars show the GEOS‐Chem‐RRTMG top‐of‐the‐atmosphere instantaneous radiative forcing of BC (orange), combined O3 and CH4 (blue) and polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs, red) after a decade of growth in 2019 emissions (left) and after 3 years of constant space tourism emissions and growth in 2019 emissions (right). The black solid line is the net effect of all forcers.
