Table 2.
MFC configurations, electrode materials, membrane materials and performance.
| Design | Resistance | Material |
Substrate | Biofilm | %COD | Energy | Ref. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ω | Anode | Cathode | Membrane | Removal | |||||
| DC-MFC | 100 | Plain Graphite | Plain Graphite | Ultrex, membrane international | Glucose | Mixed consortium | 85.0 | 3,600.0 mW m−2 | [159] |
| DC-MFC | 0-10 KΩ | Graphene- modified plain stainless-steel mesh | Carbon paper | Nafion 112, DuPont | Glucose | Escherichia coli | - | 2,668.0 mW m−2 | [154] |
| DC-MFC | 1,000 | Stainless steel-based with a thin layer of graphene | Carbon felt | Ultrex, membrane international | Domestic wastewater | Mixed consortium | - | 2,143.0 mW m−2 | [149] |
| DC-MFC | 100 | Graphite | Graphite | Nafion 117, DuPont | Domestic wastewater | Mixed consortium | 95.0 | 2,100.0 mW m−2 | [148] |
| SC-MFC | 100 | Graphite fiber brush | Carbon Cloth | - | Acid elutriatione | Mixed consortium | 93.0 | 1,553.0 mW m−2 | [127] |
| DC-MFC | - | Chitosan/ vacuum - stripped Graphene | - | - | - | Mixed consortium | - | 1,530.0 mW m−2 | [152] |
| DC-MFC | 500 | GO | Carbon felt | Nafion 117, DuPont | Domestic wastewater | Mixed consortium | - | 1,390.0 mW m−2 | [151] |
| 3-DC-MFC series | 300 | Carbon felt | Carbon felt | Ultrex CMI 7,000 membrane international | Wastewater -Sodium Acetate | Mixed consortium | 57.6 | 1,287.0 mW m−2 | [131] |
| SC-MFC | 1,000 | Carbon Cloth | GO-Zn/Co | - | Acetate | Mixed consortium | - | 773.0 mW m−2 | [156] |
| 4-SC-MFC serie | 1,000 | Carbon fibers brush | Platinum layer | - | Glucose- ammonium mixture | Mixed consortium | 86.9 | 536.0 mW m−2 | [132] |
| SC-MFC | 218 | Carbon paper | Carbon paper | - | Acetate | Mixed consortium | 99.0 | 506.0 mW m−2 | [126] |
| SC-MFC | 1,000 | Carbon fibers brush | Platinum layer | - | Glucose- ammonium mixture | Mixed consortium | 99.1 | 414.0 mW m−2 | [132] |
| SC-MFC | 1,000 | Carbon paper | Carbon paper | - | Butyrate | Mixed consortium | 98.0 | 305.0 mW m−2 | [126] |
| SC-MFC | 980 | Graphite fiber brush | Carbon Cloth | - | Raw piggery waste | Mixed consortium | 84.0 | 192.0 mW m−2 | [127] |
| DC-MFC | 100 | Carbon felt | Titanium Plate | Nafion 117, DuPont | Glucose | Mixed consortium | - | 156.0 mW m−2 | [155] |
| 4-SC-MFC serie | 1,000 | Carbon fibers brush | Platinum layer | - | Landfill leachate | Mixed consortium | 62.6 | 143.0 mW m−2 | [132] |
| SC-MFC | 0.4 to 100 | Graphite fiber/ Ti | Stainless steel | – | wastewater | Mixed consortium | 82.0 | 101.0 mW m−2 | [146] |
| SC-MFC-AFMB | Graphite fiber brushes with a titanium wire core | Carbon cloth | - | Domestic wastewater | Mixed consortium | 92.5 | 89.0 mW m−2 | [133] | |
| SC-MFC | 33 – 22 KΩ | Carbon paper | Carbon Cloth | Nafion 117, DuPont | Domestic wastewater | Mixed consortium | 42.0 | 72.0 mW m−2 | [16] |
| DC-MFC | 100 | Carbon felt | Titanium Plate | Nafion 117, DuPont | Acetate | Mixed consortium | - | 64.3 mW m−2 | [155] |
| DC-MFC | 100 | Carbon felt | Titanium Plate | Nafion 117, DuPont | Propianate | Mixed consortium | - | 58.0 mW m−2 | [155] |
| DC-MFC | 100 | Stainless steel | Carbon felt | - | Synthetic wastewater | Mixed consortium /bio-cathode algae Chlorella vulgaris | 75 | 54.48 mW m−2 | [137] |
| DC-MFC | 100 | Carbon felt | Titanium Plate | Nafion 117, DuPont | Butyrate | Mixed consortium | - | 51.4 mW m−2 | [155] |
| DC-MFC | 100 | Carbon felt | Carbon felt | SBC-600 | Synthetic wastewater | Mixed consortium | 81.0 | 41.08 mW m−2 | [160] |
| SC-MFC | - | Carbon fiber graphite brush | Carbon Cloth coated with platinum black | Nafion 112, DuPont | Synthetic wastewater | Lactobacillus pentosus | 42-58 | 5.04 mW m−2 | [157] |
| SC-MFC +AD | 1 MΩ - 100 | Graphite plate | Graphite plate | - | Domestic wastewater | Mixed consortium | 25.2 | 1.98 mW m−2 kg | [134] |
| DC-MFC | 100 | Crumpled graphene-modified | Carbon brush | Ultrex CMI 7,000 membrane international | Synthetic wastewater | Mixed consortium | - | 3,600 mW m−3 | [153] |
| PMFC | 500 | Carbon brush | Carbon brush | Nafion 117, DuPont | Synthetic wastewater | Mixed consortium /bio-cathode algae Chlorella vulgaris | 93.2 | 466.9 mW m−3 | [136] |
| SSM-MFCs | 562 | Carbon Fiber Veil | AC-PTFE | - | Urine | Mixed consortium | - | 15.74 μ W cm−3 | [161] |
| MFC | - | Roughened Glassy Carbon plates | - | - | - | Shewanella oneidensis | - | 40μA cm−2 | [162] |
| SC-MFC+ MEC | 10 | Carbon paper | Carbon paper | - | Propionate | Mixed consortium | - | 343 mA cm−2 | [135] |
| SC-MFC+ MEC | 1,000 | Carbon paper | Carbon paper | - | Propionate | Mixed consortium | - | 81 mA cm−2 | [135] |
| DC-MFC | - | Carbon Cloth | Carbon Cloth | Internal Nanoscale polypyrrole | Molasses wastewater | Mixed consortium | 25.24 | 0.0173 V | [147] |
| DC-MFC | - | - | - | - | Synthetic wastewater | Sulfate- reducing bacteria | 30-40 | - | [150] |
| 4-SC-MFC series + AEC | 1,000 | Pt/N-rGO/ Carbon felt | Mo2C/N-rGO/ Carbon felt | Nafion 117, DuPont | Glucose- ammonium | Mixed consortium | 70.7 | - | [132] |
DC=Dual Chamber, SC=Single Chamber, MEC=Microbial Electrolysis Cell, AD=Anaerobic Digestion, AFMB=Anaerobic fluidized bed membrane bioreactor, AEC=Ammonia Electrolysis Cell, PMFC=Microalgal-based photoautotrophic microbial fuel cell, GO=graphene oxide, SSM-MFCs=self-stratifying microbial fuel cells, AC-PTFE=activated carbon with polytetrafluoroethylene