Table 1.
Descriptive values by intervention group in baseline
| All (n = 69) | Control (n = 15) | PAR (n = 17) | HIIT (n = 18) | HIIT + EMS (n = 19) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 53.4 (5.0) | 51.7 (4.1) | 53.9 (4.5) | 53.1 (5.6) | 53.5 (5.2) | 0.326 |
| Sex (%) | ||||||
| Men | 33 (47.8) | 6 (40) | 8 (47) | 9 (50) | 10 (53) | |
| Women | 36 (52.2) | 9 (60) | 9 (53) | 9 (50) | 9 (47) | |
| HR and HRV | ||||||
| Heart rate (bpm) | 63.3 (8.3) | 63.8 (6.7) | 59.9 (7.6) | 64.5 (7.6) | 64.5 (10.3) | 0.317 |
| SDNN (ms) | 27.3 (18.6) | 31.0 (24.5) | 23.4 (16.6) | 29.8 (18.5) | 24.4 (16.8) | 0.291 |
| RMSSD (ms) | 26.4 (20.7) | 33.4 (18.1) | 23.8 (20.5) | 29.1 (17.0) | 24.6 (36.3) | 0.959 |
| Stress score (ms) | 30.6 (20.7) | 26.5 (20.3) | 35.2 (18.6) | 27.3 (15.7) | 35.7 (32.2) | 0.174 |
| Sympathetic/parasympathetic ratio | 1.53 (2.62) | 1.12 (2.13) | 2.13 (2.35) | 1.32 (2.45) | 1.83 (6.68) | 0.128 |
| Anthropometry and body composition | ||||||
| Weight (kg) | 76.3 (8.7) | 74.1 (13.8) | 72.6 (11.3) | 78.2 (17.7) | 80.2 (15.9) | 0.412 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 95.2 (12.0) | 92.8 (10.5) | 90.4 (11.0) | 97.5 (10.9) | 99.3 (13.7) | 0.101 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.84 (3.83) | 26.73 (3.89) | 25.41 (2.86) | 26.43 (3.15) | 28.60 (14.64) | 0.083 |
| Lean mass index (kg/m2) | 1.10 (0.10) | 15.85 (3.11) | 15.16 (2.48) | 14.90 (2.88) | 15.80 (2.88) | 0.694 |
| Fat mass index (kg/m2) | 15.42 (2.81) | 10.09 (2.68) | 9.60 (2.73) | 10.79 (2.67) | 11.96 (3.78) | 0.115 |
| VAT (cm3) | 849.7 (427.2) | 744.9 (288.8) | 714.9 (283.9) | 879.6 (488.9) | 1024.6 (517.3) | 0.116 |
| Cardiometabolic risk score | ||||||
| Mean blood pressure (mmHg) | 104.2 (12.4) | 105.4 (13.4) | 105.3 (13.8) | 103.6 (13.8) | 102.9 (12.1) | 0.927 |
| Plasma glucose (mg/dL) | 93.9 (11.4) | 94.9 (10.7) | 93.4 (11.6) | 90.1 (5.6) | 96.9 (14.8) | 0.332 |
| Plasma insulin (UI/mL) | 8.06 (5.75) | 7.03 (5.28) | 7.52 (3.97) | 7.09 (4.51) | 10.21 (7.88) | 0.289 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 58.7 (12.3) | 61.2 (12.1) | 55.2 (12.0) | 57.8 (10.8) | 60.6 (14.0) | 0.477 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 130.8 (65.2) | 131.2 (72.3) | 130.9 (70.0) | 134.1 (61.5) | 127.6 (63.3) | 0.994 |
| Cardiometabolic Risk Score | 0.002 (0.58) | − 0.040 (0.68) | − 0.008 (0.52) | − 0.030 (0.47) | 0.073 (0.68) | 0.940 |
Data are shown as means (standard deviation). Median (IQR: interquartile range) are presented for HRV parameters because these variables presented non-normal distribution. Abbreviations: bpm beats per minute, dL deciliters, cm; centimeters, cm2 centimeters square, cm3 cubic centimeters, HIIT high-intensity interval training group; HIIT + EMS HIIT plus whole-body electromyostimulation group, HR heart rate, HRV heart rate variability, mg milligrams, mmHG millimeters of mercury, ms milliseconds, P value one-way ANOVA (to detect between-group differences at baseline), PAR physical activity recommendation from the World Health Organization group, pg picograms, RMSSD square root of the mean squared differences between successive RR intervals, SDNN standard deviation of RR intervals, VAT visceral adipose tissue