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. 2022 Jul 15;12:12126. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-15526-7

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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iCodon potential applications. iCodon can be used to uncover gene expression patters from the coding sequence; or to identify cis-regulatory elements. iCodon can be used to design sequences with neutral mRNA stability, these sequences will be more responsive to other regulatory elements (i.e., miR-430). Exogenous genes that are wanted to be expressed in a vertebrate model organism could result toxic for the cell; by designing coding sequences with a decreased expression, the toxicity level can be reduced. Tissue/cell visualization: fluorescent proteins found in another organism can be optimized for expression in vertebrate species. Injected mRNA (zebrafish embryos) or mRNA vaccine design can be codon optimized to increase the mRNA stability and expression. Expression gradient: iCodon has the potential to design a wide variety of coding sequences, which will show different gene expression patterns.