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. 2022 Jul 15;12:12151. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-16321-0

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The effect of a combination of DOX and CGDCM extract from stem bark of C. gigantea on the suppression of tumors in DEN-induced liver cancer rats. DEN administration was performed for 8 weeks, and the treatments were performed for 4 weeks from week 12, which included DOX, CGDCM-L, CGDCM-H, and the combination of DOX with CGDCM-H. The vehicle group was treated with 0.8% DMSO. (a) Representative photographs of the macroscopic appearance of the liver. (b) Representative images of microscopic examination of liver tissues stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), (c) Masson’s trichrome staining, and (d) immunohistochemical analysis of Ki-67 expression. Bars = 100 µm and 20 µm under × 10 and × 40 magnification visualized by light microscopy. CGDCM, C. gigantea dichloromethane extract; CGDCM-L, CGDCM low dose; CGDCM-H, CGDCM high dose; DOX, doxorubicin.

The effect of a combination of DOX and CGDCM extract from stem bark of C. gigantea on the suppression of tumors in DEN-induced liver cancer rats. DEN administration was performed for 8 weeks, and the treatments were performed for 4 weeks from week 12, which included DOX, CGDCM-L, CGDCM-H, and the combination of DOX with CGDCM-H. The vehicle group was treated with 0.8% DMSO. (a) Representative photographs of the macroscopic appearance of the liver. (b) Representative images of microscopic examination of liver tissues stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), (c) Masson’s trichrome staining, and (d) immunohistochemical analysis of Ki-67 expression. Bars = 100 µm and 20 µm under × 10 and × 40 magnification visualized by light microscopy. CGDCM, C. gigantea dichloromethane extract; CGDCM-L, CGDCM low dose; CGDCM-H, CGDCM high dose; DOX, doxorubicin.