Table 3.
Standardized parameter estimates from the constrained RI-CLPM for psychological distress and PSMU (Model 2).
| Model | β | SE | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Autoregressive paths | |||
| T2 DASS-21 on T1 DASS-21 | 0.248 | 0.066 | 0.000 |
| T3 DASS-21 on T2 DASS-21 | 0.282 | 0.084 | 0.001 |
| T2 BSMAS on T1 BSMAS | 0.056 | 0.104 | 0.594 |
| T3 BSMAS on T2 BSMAS | 0.049 | 0.099 | 0.617 |
| Cross-lagged paths | |||
| T2 DASS-21 on T1 BSMAS | 0.059 | 0.063 | 0.347 |
| T3 DASS-21 on T2 BSMAS | 0.058 | 0.063 | 0.359 |
| T2 BSMAS on T1 DASS-21 | 0.086 | 0.073 | 0.239 |
| T3 BSMAS on T2 DASS-21 | 0.089 | 0.077 | 0.248 |
| Other estimates | |||
| Correlation at T1 | 0.261 | 0.057 | 0.000 |
| Residual correlation at T2 | 0.250 | 0.077 | 0.001 |
| Residual correlation at T3 | 0.214 | 0.051 | 0.000 |
| Between-person (RI) correlation | 0.532 | 0.028 | 0.000 |
Note: DASS-21 = Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale; BSMAS = Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale; T1 = First time point; T2 = Second time point; T3 = Third time point; RI = Random Intercepts; SE = Standard Error; Analytical sample of 3,912 participants.