Table 2.
Inequality analyses of Non-Communicable Disease management in Vietnam in year 2015.
| Indicators | Index | Gender inequality | Ethnic inequality | Urban-Rural Inequality | Regional Inequality | Wealth Inequality | Educational Inequality |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-use of tobacco | RII | 0·28 (0·28 to 0·28)*** | 1·15 (1·13 to 1·17)*** | 1·08 (1·07 to 1·09)*** | 1·09 (1·08 to 1·10)*** | 1·15 (1·11 to 1·20)*** | 1·11 (1·10 to 1·12)*** |
| SII | -92·80 (-93·49 to -92·11)*** | 10·52 (9·39 to 11·65)*** | 6·24 (5·49 to 6·98)*** | 6·97 (6·30 to 7·63)*** | 11·07 (8·07 to 14·06)*** | 8·26 (7·60 to 8·92)*** | |
| CnI | -0·15 (-0·15 to -0·15)*** | 0·01 (0·01 to 0·01)*** | 0·01 (0·01 to 0·01)*** | 0·01 (0·01 to 0·02)*** | 0·02 (0·02 to 0·03)*** | 0·02 (0·01 to 0·02)*** | |
| Non-harmful use of alcohol | RII | 0·29 (0·28 to 0·29)*** | 1·09 (1·07 to 1·11)*** | 1·10 (1·08 to 1·11)*** | 1·11 (1·09 to 1·12)*** | 1·02 (0·96 to 1·08) | 0·98 (0·97 to 0·99)** |
| SII | -90·88 (-91·96 to -89·81)*** | 6·70 (5·11 to 8·30)*** | 7·25 (6·09 to 8·41)*** | 7·93 (6·90 to 8·96)*** | 1·38 (-3·32 to 6·08) | -1·52 (-2·55 to -0·49)** | |
| CnI | -0·14 (-0·15 to -0·14)*** | 0·01 (0·00 to 0·01)*** | 0·01 (0·01 to 0·01)*** | 0·02 (0·01 to 0·02)*** | 0·00 (-0·01 to 0·01) | -0·00 (-0·01 to -0·00)** | |
| Sufficient physical activity | RII | 1·34 (1·31 to 1·36)*** | 0·63 (0·62 to 0·64)*** | 0·72 (0·70 to 0·73)*** | 1·58 (1·56 to 1·61)*** | 0·76 (0·71 to 0·82)*** | 0·86 (0·85 to 0·87)*** |
| SII | 20·84 (19·59 to 22·08)*** | -35·71 (-37·08 to -34·34)*** | -23·81 (-25·07 to -22·56)*** | 32·38 (31·32 to 33·44)*** | -19·24 (-24·27 to -14·20)*** | -11·12 (-12·23 to -10·01)*** | |
| CnI | 0·04 (0·03 to 0·04)*** | -0·04 (-0·04 to -0·03)*** | -0·04 (-0·04 to -0·04)*** | 0·07 (0·07 to 0·07)*** | -0·04 (-0·05 to -0·03)*** | -0·03 (-0·03 to -0·02)*** | |
| Sufficient use of fruit and vegetables | RII | 0·60 (0·58 to 0·62)*** | 2·06 (1·96 to 2·18)*** | 1·47 (1·42 to 1·52)*** | 1·51 (1·46 to 1·55)*** | 2·68 (2·35 to 3·05)*** | 2·29 (2·22 to 2·35)*** |
| SII | -21·61 (-22·99 to -20·23)*** | 27·58 (25·82 to 29·34)*** | 16·53 (15·15 to 17·91)*** | 17·32 (16·09 to 18·54)*** | 43·14 (37·82 to 48·46)*** | 35·38 (34·19 to 36·56)*** | |
| CnI | -0·06 (-0·07 to -0·06)*** | 0·04 (0·04 to 0·05)*** | 0·05 (0·04 to 0·05)*** | 0·06 (0·06 to 0·07)*** | 0·16 (0·14 to 0·18)*** | 0·13 (0·13 to 0·14)*** | |
| Non-overweight | RII | 1·07 (1·05 to 1·08)*** | 0·87 (0·85 to 0·88)*** | 0·83 (0·82 to 0·84)*** | 1·22 (1·21 to 1·24)*** | 0·85 (0·80 to 0·90)*** | 1·05 (1·04 to 1·06)*** |
| SII | 5·41 (4·24 to 6·58)*** | -12·09 (-13·45 to -10·73)*** | -15·28 (-16·46 to -14·09)*** | 16·69 (15·69 to 17·70)*** | -13·25 (-18·02 to -8·49)*** | 4·08 (3·05 to 5·11)*** | |
| CnI | 0·01 (0·01 to 0·01)*** | -0·01 (-0·01 to -0·01)*** | -0·02 (-0·02 to -0·02)*** | 0·03 (0·03 to 0·03)*** | -0·02 (-0·03 to -0·02)*** | 0·01 (0·01 to 0·01)*** | |
| Screening for cervical cancer | RII | NA | 5·89 (5·15 to 6·72)*** | 1·93 (1·81 to 2·06)*** | 2·27 (2·14 to 2·41)*** | 4·40 (3·34 to 5·80)*** | 2·01 (1·90 to 2·13)*** |
| SII | NA | 32·52 (30·79 to 34·26)*** | 16·32 (14·70 to 17·94)*** | 19·94 (18·53 to 21·35)*** | 35·74 (29·64 to 41·83)*** | 16·69 (15·27 to 18·10)*** | |
| CnI | NA | 0·09 (0·08 to 0·10)*** | 0·08 (0·07 to 0·09)*** | 0·13 (0·12 to 0·14)*** | 0·23 (0·19 to 0·27)*** | 0·11 (0·10 to 0·12)*** | |
| Treatment of diabetes | RII | 0·59 (0·55 to 0·65)*** | 3·14 (2·68 to 3·67)*** | 2·12 (1·95 to 2·30)*** | 2·18 (2·02 to 2·35)*** | 1·87 (1·33 to 2·63)*** | 1·28 (1·19 to 1·38)*** |
| SII | -16·26 (-18·85 to -13·67)*** | 29·07 (25·88 to 32·26)*** | 23·31 (20·73 to 25·90)*** | 26·19 (23·94 to 28·44)*** | 19·14 (8·73 to 29·55)*** | 7·84 (5·54 to 10·13)*** | |
| CnI | -0·07 (-0·08 to -0·05)*** | 0·06 (0·05 to 0·07)*** | 0·09 (0·08 to 0·10)*** | 0·13 (0·11 to 0·14)*** | 0·10 (0·05 to 0·15)*** | 0·04 (0·03 to 0·05)*** | |
| Treatment of hypertension | RII | 0·63 (0·53 to 0·73)*** | 4·48 (3·15 to 6·36)*** | 3·38 (2·80 to 4·08)*** | 3·30 (2·84 to 3·84)*** | 1·62 (0·86 to 3·06) | 1·01 (0·88 to 1·16) |
| SII | -18·16 (-24·23 to -12·10)*** | 44·66 (37·06 to 52·26)*** | 43·60 (37·67 to 49·53)*** | 44·93 (39·79 to 50·06)*** | 20·99 (-3·40 to 45·39) | 0·32 (-5·07 to 5·71) | |
| CnI | -0·06 (-0·08 to -0·04)*** | 0·07 (0·05 to 0·08)*** | 0·13 (0·11 to 0·15)*** | 0·18 (0·16 to 0·20)*** | 0·08 (-0·02 to 0·18) | 0·00 (-0·02 to 0·02) | |
| Treatment of high cholesterol | RII | 1·31 (1·13 to 1·52)*** | 1·59 (1·22 to 2·07)** | 3·19 (2·72 to 3·74)*** | 3·57 (3·10 to 4·11)*** | 3·45 (1·85 to 6·44)*** | 2·30 (2·02 to 2·62)*** |
| SII | 6·99 (3·08 to 10·90)*** | 10·60 (5·04 to 16·16)*** | 27·77 (24·19 to 31·35)*** | 28·68 (25·57 to 31·78)*** | 28·14 (13·98 to 42·30)*** | 20·91 (17·74 to 24·07)*** | |
| CnI | 0·03 (0·01 to 0·05)*** | 0·02 (0·01 to 0·03)*** | 0·14 (0·12 to 0·15)*** | 0·18 (0·16 to 0·20)*** | 0·19 (0·09 to 0·28)*** | 0·13 (0·11 to 0·15)*** |
Notes: RII=Relative Index of Inequality; SII=Slope Index of Inequality; CnI=Concentrate Index of Inequality; ***, **, * Statistically significant results with p < 0·001, p < 0·01, and p < 0·05, respectively; CI=Confidence Interval; The inequality analyses of NCD indicators in 2010 are in the Supplementary.
RII shows the ratio of health service coverage in comparison groups (i.e., gender, ethnic group, living area, regional level, wealth quintile, educational level) between the top and bottom categories (e.g., men/women, majority/minorities, urban/rural, richest/poorest, etc.). Interpretation: RII=1 (p-value>0·05) suggests insufficient evidence of inequality in health service coverage, RII<1 (p-value<0·05) suggests pro-bottom inequality (higher coverage in bottom category than in top category), RII>1 suggests pro-top inequality (higher coverage in top category than in bottom category);
Similarly, SII presents the difference in percentage points of health service coverage between the top and bottom categories of comparison groups (gender, ethnic group, living area, regional level, wealth quintile, educational level). Interpretation: SII=0 (p-value>0·05) suggests insufficient evidence of inequality in health service coverage, SII<0 (p-value<0·05) suggests pro-bottom inequality (higher coverage in bottom category than in top category), SII>0 suggests pro-top inequality (higher coverage in top category than in bottom category);
CnI ranges from -1 to 1 and indicates the magnitude or extent of inequality in health service coverage. Interpretation: CnI=0 (p-value>0·05) suggests insufficient evidence of inequality in health service coverage, CnI<0 (p-value>0·05) suggests pro-bottom inequality (higher concentration of health service coverage in bottom category than in top category), CnI>0 suggests pro-top inequality (higher concentration of health service coverage in top category than in bottom category).