Table 2.
Univariate (on multiple imputed data) of self-reported mental health symptoms among state, tribal, local, and territorial public health workers during the past 2 weeks by stressors experienced, coping mechanisms, and workplace supportive benefits
| Anxiety (N = 26,174) | Depression (N = 26,174) | PTSD (N = 26,174) | Suicidal Ideation (N = 26,174) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stressors experienced: | Unadjusted PR (95% CI) | P value | Unadjusted PR (95% CI) | P value | Unadjusted PR (95% CI) | P value | Unadjusted PR (95% CI) | P value |
| Got divorced or separated | 1.75 (1.63, 1.88) | <.0001 | 1.77 (1.66, 1.89) | <.0001 | 1.52 (1.43, 1.62) | <.0001 | 3.28 (2.87, 3.74) | <.0001 |
| Felt stressed due to civil unrest | 2.12 (2.00, 2.25) | <.0001 | 1.97 (1.86, 2.08) | <.0001 | 2.25 (2.14, 2.37) | <.0001 | 1.96 (1.75, 2.20) | <.0001 |
| Felt stressed due to racial tensions | 1.84 (1.74, 1.94) | <.0001 | 1.74 (1.65, 1.83) | <.0001 | 2.03 (1.94, 2.12) | <.0001 | 1.86 (1.68, 2.06) | <.0001 |
| Worried about the health of family and loved ones | 3.01 (2.63, 3.44) | <.0001 | 2.77 (2.44, 3.15) | <.0001 | 3.55 (3.12, 4.04) | <.0001 | 2.09 (1.65, 2.65) | <.0001 |
| Death of a loved one | 1.27 (1.22, 1.33) | <.0001 | 1.34 (1.29, 1.39) | <.0001 | 1.28 (1.24, 1.32) | <.0001 | 1.39 (1.27, 1.52) | <.0001 |
| Felt isolated and alone | 3.33 (3.15, 3.52) | <.0001 | 3.26 (3.10, 3.43) | <.0001 | 2.62 (2.50, 2.74) | <.0001 | 5.69 (4.98, 6.51) | <.0001 |
| Felt disconnected from family and friends due to workload | 2.87 (2.71, 3.03) | <.0001 | 2.90 (2.75, 3.07) | <.0001 | 2.91 (2.78, 3.05) | <.0001 | 2.97 (2.66, 3.31) | <.0001 |
| Felt overwhelmed by workload and/or family/work balance | 3.25 (3.03, 3.49) | <.0001 | 3.30 (3.08, 3.52) | <.0001 | 3.27 (3.09, 3.47) | <.0001 | 3.01 (2.65, 3.41) | <.0001 |
| Felt inadequately compensated for your work | 1.94 (1.85, 2.04) | <.0001 | 2.10 (2.00, 2.20) | <.0001 | 1.93 (1.85, 2.01) | <.0001 | 2.04 (1.85, 2.25) | <.0001 |
| Felt unappreciated at work | 2.04 (1.95, 2.13) | <.0001 | 2.15 (2.05, 2.25) | <.0001 | 1.90 (1.83, 1.97) | <.0001 | 2.68 (2.41, 2.98) | <.0001 |
| Experienced stigma or discrimination due to your work | 1.83 (1.75, 1.90) | <.0001 | 1.88 (1.81, 1.95) | <.0001 | 1.95 (1.89, 2.01) | <.0001 | 2.20 (2.02, 2.40) | <.0001 |
| Received job-related threats due to your work | 1.87 (1.79, 1.96) | <.0001 | 1.97 (1.89, 2.05) | <.0001 | 1.94 (1.88, 2.01) | <.0001 | 2.94 (2.67, 3.24) | <.0001 |
| Felt bullied, threatened and/or harassed due to your work | 1.97 (1.90, 2.04) | <.0001 | 2.00 (1.93, 2.07) | <.0001 | 2.04 (1.98, 2.11) | <.0001 | 2.56 (2.34, 2.80) | <.0001 |
| Worried about workplace exposure to COVID-19 | 1.39 (1.34, 1.45) | <.0001 | 1.43 (1.37, 1.48) | <.0001 | 1.41 (1.36, 1.46) | <.0001 | 1.58 (1.45, 1.72) | <.0001 |
| Anxiety (N = 26,174) | Depression (N = 26,174) | PTSD (N = 26,174) | Suicidal Ideation (N = 26,174) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Perceived level of personal and work-related support: | Unadjusted PR (95% CI) | P value | Unadjusted PR (95% CI) | P value | Unadjusted PR (95% CI) | P value | Unadjusted PR (95% CI) | P value |
| Felt unsupported by family /friends | 2.10 (1.97, 2.24) | <.0001 | 2.25 (2.12, 2.38) | <.0001 | 1.72 (1.61, 1.85) | <.0001 | 5.21 (4.67, 5.81) | <.0001 |
| Felt unsupported by coworkers/peers | 2.03 (1.92, 2.14) | <.0001 | 2.12 (2.01, 2.23) | <.0001 | 1.64 (1.55, 1.74) | <.0001 | 4.91 (4.41, 5.47) | <.0001 |
| Felt unsupported by supervisor/leadership | 1.90 (1.82, 1.99) | <.0001 | 1.98 (1.90, 2.06) | <.0001 | 1.63 (1.56, 1.70) | <.0001 | 3.60 (3.27, 3.97) | <.0001 |
| Felt unsupported by organization/agency | 1.96 (1.88, 2.04) | <.0001 | 2.03 (1.96, 2.11) | <.0001 | 1.69 (1.63, 1.75) | <.0001 | 3.37 (3.09, 3.69) | <.0001 |
| Coping mechanisms: | ||||||||
| Reached out and talked to a friend(s) to feel better | 0.92 (0.85, 0.98) | .014 | 0.84 (0.79, 0.90) | <.0001 | 1.12 (1.04, 1.20) | .0027 | 0.51 (0.44, 0.60) | <.0001 |
| Relied on co-worker(s) for support | 0.90 (0.86, 0.94) | <.0001 | 0.86 (0.83, 0.90) | <.0001 | 1.09 (1.04, 1.13) | .0001 | 0.55 (0.50, 0.61) | <.0001 |
| Used deep breathing or meditation | 1.22 (1.17, 1.28) | <.0001 | 1.15 (1.10, 1.20) | <.0001 | 1.29 (1.24, 1.34) | <.0001 | 1.07 (0.97, 1.19) | .1702 |
| Used prayer or other religious/spiritual practice | 0.77 (0.74, 0.80) | <.0001 | 0.81 (0.78, 0.85) | <.0001 | 0.83 (0.80, 0.86) | <.0001 | 0.70 (0.63, 0.77) | <.0001 |
| Contacted a counselor or therapist | 1.79 (1.72, 1.86) | <.0001 | 1.64 (1.58, 1.70) | <.0001 | 1.55 (1.50, 1.60) | <.0001 | 2.19 (2.01, 2.39) | <.0001 |
| Watched more TV/streamed shows more than usual | 1.40 (1.32, 1.48) | <.0001 | 1.44 (1.36, 1.52) | <.0001 | 1.41 (1.34, 1.48) | <.0001 | 1.35 (1.16, 1.58) | .0005 |
| Increased dose of antidepressants | 2.17 (2.08, 2.26) | <.0001 | 2.20 (2.12, 2.29) | <.0001 | 1.75 (1.69, 1.81) | <.0001 | 3.04 (2.77, 3.35) | <.0001 |
| Had unhealthier than usual eating habits | 2.50 (2.34, 2.67) | <.0001 | 3.23 (2.99, 3.49) | <.0001 | 2.33 (2.20, 2.47) | <.0001 | 2.58 (2.22, 3.01) | <.0001 |
| Anxiety (N = 26,174) | Depression (N = 26,174) | PTSD (N = 26,174) | Suicidal ideation (N = 26,174) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coping mechanisms: | Unadjusted PR (95% CI) | P value | Unadjusted PR (95% CI) | P value | Unadjusted PR (95% CI) | P value | Unadjusted PR (95% CI) | |
| Started or increased alcohol consumption | 1.65 (1.59, 1.71) | <.0001 | 1.67 (1.61, 1.73) | <.0001 | 1.64 (1.59, 1.70) | <.0001 | 1.78 (1.63, 1.95) | <.0001 |
| Increased use of legal or illegal substances | 2.00 (1.90, 2.10) | <.0001 | 2.00 (1.91, 2.10) | <.0001 | 1.79 (1.71, 1.87) | <.0001 | 3.45 (3.12, 3.81) | <.0001 |
| Improved physical activity and exercise | 0.76 (0.73, 0.79) | <.0001 | 0.63 (0.60, 0.65) | <.0001 | 0.83 (0.80, 0.87) | <.0001 | 0.70 (0.64, 0.76) | <.0001 |
| Found yourself buying items/shopping more than usual | 1.66 (1.59, 1.74) | <.0001 | 1.69 (1.62, 1.77) | <.0001 | 1.58 (1.52, 1.64) | <.0001 | 1.76 (1.59, 1.95) | <.0001 |
| Worked more to relieve stress | 1.43 (1.37, 1.49) | <.0001 | 1.43 (1.37, 1.49) | <.0001 | 1.61 (1.55, 1.67) | <.0001 | 1.44 (1.29, 1.60) | <.0001 |
| Used humor and/or laughter | 0.84 (0.78, 0.89) | <.0001 | 0.84 (0.79, 0.90) | <.0001 | 1.01 (0.95, 1.08) | .7888 | 0.55 (0.47, 0.64) | <.0001 |
| Workplace support/benefits: | ||||||||
| Since COVID-19 was declared a pandemic, able to take time off | 0.52 (0.50, 0.54) | <.0001 | 0.50 (0.48, 0.52) | <.0001 | 0.53 (0.51, 0.54) | <.0001 | 0.46 (0.42, 0.50) | <.0001 |
| Workplace offers assistance to pay for childcare/childcare subsidy | 0.93 (0.86, 1.02) | 0.122 | 0.90 (0.82, 0.98) | .0139 | 0.95 (0.88, 1.03) | 0.251 | 1.00 (0.81, 1.25) | .9682 |
| Flexible work schedule | 0.72 (0.70, 0.75) | <.0001 | 0.69 (0.67, 0.72) | <.0001 | 0.80 (0.77, 0.83) | <.0001 | 0.58 (0.53, 0.63) | <.0001 |
| Workplace offers training to prevent stress or burnout | 0.70 (0.67, 0.73) | <.0001 | 0.68 (0.65, 0.70) | <.0001 | 0.79 (0.76, 0.81) | <.0001 | 0.65 (0.58, 0.74) | <.0001 |
| Paid time-off for personal and family needs | 0.86 (0.82, 0.90) | <.0001 | 0.85 (0.81, 0.89) | <.0001 | 0.91 (0.87, 0.95) | <.0001 | 0.61 (0.56, 0.67) | <.0001 |
| Workplace offers an Employee Assistance Program | 0.85 (0.81, 0.88) | <.0001 | 0.88 (0.85, 0.92) | <.0001 | 0.95 (0.92, 0.99) | .0106 | 0.75 (0.69, 0.81) | <.0001 |
Abbreviations: PTSD = post-traumatic stress disorder; PR = prevalence ratio.