Table 2.

Results of the primary and secondary outcomes.

	T0 (baseline)	T1 (week 1)	T2 (week 2)	ANCOVA between group
				ΔT0-T1	ΔT0-T2
	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD	F/p-value‡ (pη2)	F/p-value‡ (pη2)
Primary outcomes
MDS-UPDRS part III scores
Total score†
INSTR	38.4 ± 11.4	28.8 ± 8.9**	23.1 ± 10.3**	5.4/0.033* (0.241)	11.4/0.004** (0.401)
Control	39.0 ± 13.6	32.4 ± 12.2**	28.1 ± 11.2**
Tremor subscore†
INSTR	2.9 ± 2.6	1.7 ± 2.2*	1.5 ± 1.5*	0.1/0.808 (0.004)	0.5/0.477 (0.030)
Control	2.0 ± 2.0	1.0 ± 1.5	0.8 ± 1.2
Rigidity subscore†
INSTR	8.9 ± 3.7	7.7 ± 3.4*	6.9 ± 3.1*	0.2/0.689 (0.010)	0.2/0.634 (0.014)
Control	8.2 ± 3.5	7.3 ± 3.1*	6.7 ± 3.0*
Bradykinesia subscore†
INSTR	18.6 ± 5.0	14.5 ± 4.4**	11.5 ± 5.8**	2.1/0.170 (0.108)	0.8/0.384 (0.045)
Control	19.8 ± 8.6	16.8 ± 7.3*	13.6 ± 7.1**
Axial subscore†
INSTR	8.0 ± 2.8	4.9 ± 2.6**	3.2 ± 2.2**	5.0/0.040* (0.226)	16.9/< 0.001*** (0.498)
Control	9.0 ± 2.5	7.3 ± 3.3*	7.0 ± 3.1**
Pull test†
INSTR	2.7 ± 0.7	1.0 ± 1.2*	0.1 ± 0.3**	1.5/0.231 (0.083)	12.3/0.003** (0.419)
Control	2.4 ± 0.8	1.5 ± 1.4*	1.4 ± 1.3*
Secondary outcomes
TUG (s)†
INSTR	17.86 ± 9.23	13.02 ± 6.10**	12.12 ± 5.48**	1.5/0.239 (0.081)	0.1/0.744 (0.006)
Control	18.84 ± 10.89	15.66 ± 7.77	13.10 ± 5.68*
Fast walking speed (m/s)†
INSTR	0.89 ± 0.28	1.10 ± 0.38*	1.22 ± 0.34**	1.0/0.341 (0.054)	1.9/0.188 (0.100)
Control	0.90 ± 0.30	1.04 ± 0.34	1.10 ± 0.43
Barthel Index†
INSTR	82.5 ± 10.6	–	92.5 ± 10.6*	–	1.4/0.248 (0.078)
Control	78.0 ± 14.2	–	85.5 ± 12.6*

Abbreviations: ANCOVA, analysis of covariance; MDS-UPDRS, Movement Disorder Society-sponsored revision of the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale; TUG, timed up and go.

^†Significance levels of *p < 0.05 and ^**p < 0.01 in intragroup comparisons (T0 vs. T1 or T0 vs. T2) using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test.

^‡Significance levels of *p < 0.05, ^**p < 0.01, ^***p < 0.001 in ANCOVA.