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. 2022 Jul 16;20:333. doi: 10.1186/s12951-022-01544-0

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — Adsorption of PLGA NPs to human, mouse and rabbit RBCs. Scanning electron microscopy image of a plain PLGA NPs, b DEX-PLGA NPs and c PEI-PLGA NPs. Scale bars indicate 400 nm. d Scanning electron microscopy images representing PLGA-NP adsorption onto human RBCs. Scale bars indicate 1 µm. e Scanning electron microscopy images representing PLGA-NP adsorption onto mouse RBCs. Scale bars indicate 1 µm. f Coupling efficiency of PLGA NPs onto human, mouse and rabbit RBCs at different RBC:NP incubation ratios. g Representative scatter plots of flow cytometry analysis, here shown for PLGA65:35 NPs coupled to human RBCs at different ratios. h Percentages of RBC populations carrying NPs. i Agglutination results of human, mouse and rabbit RBCs at different RBC:NP incubation ratios (n = 3). NPs used were PLGA65:35 synthesized with 1.5% PVA. All data are presented as mean ± SEM (n = 3). The number of asterisks indicate the level of significance (two-way ANOVA with Tukey multiple testing), where: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001