Table 3.
Characteristics of study participants by clinical case category
| Characteristic | Total (n=266) |
confirmed TB (n=31) |
unconfirmed TB (n=65) |
unlikely TB (n=170) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years), median (IQR) | 2.1 (1.1, 3.7) | 1.9 (1.0, 3.3) | 2.0 (0.9, 3.3) | 2.3 (1.3, 3.9) |
| Female Sex, n (%) | 135 (51) | 17 (55) | 34 (52) | 84 (49) |
| Bacteriological confirmation a | 32 (12) | 31 (100) | 1 (2) | 0 (0) |
| Symptoms/Signs b | 259 (97) | 28 (90) | 65 (100) | 166 (98) |
| Cough only | 115 (44) | 10 (36) | 27 (42) | 78 (47) |
| Fever only | 28 (11) | 1 (4) | 6 (9) | 21 (13) |
| Malnutrition only | 8 (3) | 0 (0) | 2 (3) | 6 (4) |
| Cough and Fever | 62 (24) | 8 (29) | 16 (25) | 38 (23) |
| Cough and Malnutrition | 16 (6) | 2 (7) | 7 (11) | 7 (4) |
| Fever and Lethargy | 5 (2) | 1 (4) | 1 (2) | 3 (2) |
| Cough, Fever, and Lethargy | 14 (5) | 3 (11) | 2 (3) | 9 (5) |
| Fever, Malnutrition, and Lethargy | 2 (1) | 1 (4) | 0 (0) | 1 (1) |
| Cough, Fever and Malnutrition | 2 (1) | 0 (0) | 1 (2) | 1 (1) |
| Cough, Fever, Malnutrition and Lethargy | 7 (3) | 2 (7) | 3 (5) | 2 (1) |
| History of TB exposure c | 85 (32) | 24 (77) | 31 (48) | 30 (18) |
| Chest Radiographs d | 254 (95) | 30 (97) | 59 (91) | 165 (97) |
| Consistent with TB | 43 (17) | 13 (43) | 16 (27) | 14 (8) |
| Abnormal - Equivocal | 145 (57) | 12 (40) | 30 (51) | 103 (62) |
| Normal | 35 (14) | 1 (3) | 9 (15) | 25 (15) |
| Discordant* | 31 (12) | 4 (13) | 4 (7) | 23 (14) |
| Initiated TB Treatment | 66 (25) | 31 (100) | 29 (45) | 6 (4) |
| Responded to TB Treatmente | 43 (75) | 17 (74) | 25 (86) | 1 (20) |
| Immunologic evidence of TB Infection e | 58 (22) | 21 (75) | 20 (33) | 17 (10) |
| Both TST and IGRA positive | 23 (40) | 12 (57) | 3 (15) | 8 (47) |
| Only TST positive | 24 (41) | 3 (14) | 12 (60) | 9 (53) |
| Only IGRA positive | 11 (19) | 6 (29) | 5 (25) | 0 (0) |
| Nutrition Status at Enrollment | 266 (100) | 31 (100) | 65 (100) | 170 (100) |
| WFA z score from −2 to −3 | 40 (15) | 5 (16) | 13 (20) | 22 (13) |
| WFA z score less than −3 | 65 (24) | 8 (26) | 22 (34) | 35 (21) |
| WFH z score from −2 to −3 | 31 (12) | 5 (16) | 9 (14) | 17 (10) |
| WFH z score less than −3 | 54 (20) | 8 (26) | 15 (23) | 31 (18) |
| HIV Status Known | 262 (98) | 29 (94) | 64 (98) | 169 (99) |
| HIV Positive | 64 (24) | 7 (24) | 24 (38) | 33 (20) |
| HIV Exposed Uninfectedg | 96 (37) | 11 (38) | 33 (52) | 52 (31) |
| Immunological Status Known (among HIV+) | 58 (91) | 6 (86) | 20 (83) | 32 (97) |
| Severe Immunosuppression | 28 (48) | 3 (50) | 9 (45) | 16 (50) |
| Moderate Immunosuppression | 8 (14) | 1 (17) | 4 (20) | 3 (9) |
| Mild Immunosuppression | 11 (19) | 2 (33) | 2 (10) | 7 (22) |
| No Immunosuppression | 11 (19) | 0 (0) | 5 (25) | 6 (19) |
One participant had a positive Xpert result from a non-respiratory specimen (urine) only. The 2012 and 2015 clinical case definitions are for classification of intrathoracic TB and specify that a confirmed case have at least one positive bacteriologic test result from a respiratory specimen.
No children had only lethargy or only lethargy and malnutrition as symptoms
Defined according to 2012 standardized guidelines as close contact in the past 2 years
Includes chest radiograph readings unresolved due to quality issues and/or three-way ties among readers
Not all patients initiating treatment had follow up data, n=57 (86%); confirmed TB: n=23/31 (74%); unconfirmed TB: n=29/29 (100%); unlikely TB: n=5/6 (83%)
Not all patients had immunological data, n=258 (96%); confirmed TB: n=28; unconfirmed TB: n=61; unlikely TB: n=169. In instances where only TST or IGRA was positive the other test may be negative or missing.
Exposure to HIV in utero. Not all patients had HIV exposure data; n=246 (92%); confirmed TB: n=27; unconfirmed TB: n=61; unlikely TB n=158
Discordant permutations detailed in Supplementary Table S5