TABLE 1.
Baseline characteristics of the 4268 participants
| Variables | % | M ± SD | Range |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years old) | 80.4 ± 9.7 | 65– 112 | |
| Sex | |||
| Women | 50.4 | ||
| Men | 49.6 | ||
| Current residence | |||
| Rural areas | 80.5 | ||
| Urban areas | 19.5 | ||
| Education level (year of schooling) | |||
| 0 year | 51.0 | ||
| 1–6 years | 35.2 | ||
| ≥ 6 years | 13.8 | ||
| Financial sufficiency (enough for daily expenses) | |||
| Yes | 80.5 | ||
| No | 19.5 | ||
| Smoking | |||
| Never | 63.1 | ||
| Former | 15.6 | ||
| Current | 21.3 | ||
| Drinking | |||
| Never | 65.7 | ||
| Former | 14.2 | ||
| Current | 20.1 | ||
| Toothbrushing frequency | |||
| Never | 22.0 | ||
| Less than once a day | 14.7 | ||
| Once a day | 46.1 | ||
| More than once a day | 17.2 | ||
| Impaired activities of daily living | 10.8 | ||
| One or more chronic conditions | |||
| With | 46.0 | ||
| Without | 54.0 | ||
| Cognitive impairment (MMSE) | 9.3 | ||
| Loneliness | |||
| Yes (always/often/sometimes feel lonely) | 26.5 | ||
| No (seldom/not feel lonely) | 73.5 | ||
| Social isolation | |||
| Yes (≥2) | 27.5 | ||
| No (<2) | 72.5 | ||
| Number of remaining teeth | 14.5 ± 9.6 | 1–32 |
Abbreviations: M, mean; MMSE, mini- mental state examination; SD, standard deviation.