TABLE 3.
Association of loneliness with the number of remaining teeth and rate of tooth loss over the 7-year follow-up (n = 4268)
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | Model 6 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parameter | β-coefficients (95% Cl) | |||||
| Loneliness (ref. No) | ||||||
| Yes | −.01 (−0.05, −0.04) | −.00 (−0.05, 0.05) | .01 (−0.03, 0.06) | .01 (−0.04, 0.06) | .03 (−0.02, 0.09) | .15 (−0.01, 0.30) |
| Time (in years) | −.06 (−0.06, −0.05)*** | −.06 (−0.06, −0.05)*** | −.05 (−0.06, −0.05)*** | −.05 (−0.06, −0.05)*** | −.05 (−0.06, −0.04)*** | |
| Smoking (ref. Never) | ||||||
| Former | −.00 (−0.06, 0.05) | −.04 (−0.12, 0.04) | −.03 (−0.12, 0.05) | −.03 (−0.12, 0.05) | ||
| Current | −.00 (−0.06, 0.06) | −.01 (−0.11, 0.08) | −.03 (−0.13, 0.07) | −.03 (−0.13, 0.07) | ||
| Drinking (ref. Never) | ||||||
| Former | −.01 (−0.06, 0.04) | −.01 (−0.08, 0.07) | −.00 (−0.09, 0.08) | −.01 (−0.09, 0.08) | ||
| Current | −.01 (−0.04, 0.05) | .02 (−0.06, 0.10) | .03 (−0.05, 0.11) | .03 (−0.05, 0.11) | ||
| Toothbrushing frequency (ref. Never) | ||||||
| Less than once a day | .13 (0.07, 0.18)*** | .07 (0.01, 0.13)* | .07 (0.01, 0.13)* | .07 (0.01, 0.13)* | ||
| Once a day | .17 (0.12,0.22)*** | .14 (0.05, 0.23)** | .11 (0.02, 0.21)* | .11 (0.02, 0.21)* | ||
| More than once a day | .18 (0.11, 0.25)*** | .15 (0.04, 0.25)** | .12 (0.01, 0.24)* | .12 (0.01, 0.23)* | ||
| Impaired activities of daily living (ref. No) | ||||||
| Yes | −.18 (−0.26, −0.09)** | −.18 (−0.26, −0.09)** | −.18 (−0.26, −0.09)** | |||
| Cognitive impairment (ref. No) | ||||||
| Yes | −.09 (−0.16, −0.02)*** | −.09 (−0.16, −0.02)*** | −.09 (−0.16, −0.02)*** | |||
| With one or more chronic conditions (ref. Without) | ||||||
| Yes | .02 (−0.02, 0.06) | .02 (−0.02, 0.07) | .02 (−0.02, 0.07) | |||
| Social isolation (ref. No) | ||||||
| Yes | .06 (−0.11, −0.01)* | .06 (−0.11, −0.01)* | ||||
| Loneliness × Time | −.01 (−0.02, 0.00) | |||||
| Covariates | ||||||
| Age | −.03 (−0.03, −0.03)*** | −.03 (−0.04, −0.03)*** | −.03 (−0.03, −0.03)*** | −.03 (−0.03, −0.02)*** | −.03 (−0.03, −0.02)*** | −.03 (−0.03, −0.02)*** |
| Women (ref. Men) | −.09 (−0.13, −0.04)** | −.09 (−0.13, −0.04)** | −.09 (−0.15, −0.04)** | −.07 (−0.12, −0.02)* | −.06 (−0.12, −0.00)* | −.06 (−0.12, −0.01)* |
| Current residence (ref. Urban areas) | ||||||
| Rural areas | −.02 (−0.09, 0.05) | −.01 (−0.08, 0.06) | .01 (−0.06, 0.08) | .01 (−0.06, 0.09) | .01 (−0.06, 0.09) | .01 (−0.06, 0.09) |
| Education level (ref. 0 year of schooling) | ||||||
| 1–6 years | .11 (0.06, 0.16)*** | .11 (0.06, 0.16)*** | .09 (0.04, 0.14)** | .08 (0.03, 0.13)** | .08 (0.02, 0.13)** | .08 (0.02, .13)** |
| ≥6 years | .22 (0.16, 0.28)*** | .21 (0.15, 0.28)*** | .19 (0.13, 0.25)*** | .18 (0.12, 0.25)*** | .18 (0.11, 0.25)*** | .18 (0.11, 0.25)*** |
| Financial sufficiency (ref. Not enough) | ||||||
| Enough | −.03 (−0.08, 0.03) | −.03 (−0.09, 0.02) | −.03 (−0.08, 0.02) | −.01 (−0.07, 0.04) | −.02 (−0.07, 0.04) | −.02 (−0.07, 0.04) |
| Log-pseudolikelihood | −35726 | −35092 | −30756 | −29715 | −28187 | −26822 |
Note: See Table 2.