Table 6.
Association between features of the hospitalized patients due to severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) in Brazil during the Coronavirus Disease (COVID)-19 pandemic according to the collection period.
| Patient's features | Category | 2020* | 2021* | Total | P | OR | 95%CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | Female | 524,388 (45.9%) | 720,728 (45.1%) | 1,245,116 (45.4%) | <0.001 | 1.032 | 1.027–1.037 |
| Male | 617,832 (54.1%) | 876,584 (54.9%) | 1,494,416 (54.6%) | 1 | Reference | ||
| Age | <1 y.o. | 23,048 (2.0%) | 38,238 (2.4%) | 61,286 (2.2%) | 0.004 | 1.025 | 1.008–1.042 |
| 1–12 y.o. | 50,992 (4.5%) | 63,022 (3.9%) | 114,014 (4.2%) | <0.001 | 1.375 | 1.359–1.392 | |
| 13–24 y.o. | 36,796 (3.2%) | 38,280 (2.4%) | 75,076 (2.7%) | <0.001 | 1.634 | 1.610–1.658 | |
| 25–60 y.o. | 470,160 (41.1%) | 799,238 (50.0%) | 1,269,398 (46.3%) | 1 | Reference | ||
| 61–72 y.o. | 254,149 (22.2%) | 333,848 (20.9%) | 587,997 (21.5%) | <0.001 | 1.294 | 1.286–1.302 | |
| 73–85 y.o. | 210,092 (18.4%) | 230,802 (14.4%) | 440,894 (16.1%) | <0.001 | 1.547 | 1.537–1.558 | |
| +85 y.o. | 97,382 (8.5%) | 94,225 (5.9%) | 191,607 (7.0%) | <0.001 | 1.757 | 1.740–1.774 | |
| Race | White | 434,573 (48.2%) | 670,550 (50.9%) | 1,105,123 (49.8%) | 1 | Reference | |
| Black | 56,032 (6.2%) | 67,472 (5.1%) | 123,504 (5.6%) | <0.001 | 1.281 | 1.266–1.297 | |
| Asian | 12,057 (1.3%) | 14,757 (1.1%) | 26,814 (1.2%) | <0.001 | 1.261 | 1.230–1.292 | |
| Individuals from a multiracial background |
395,041 (43.9%) | 562,456 (42.7%) | 957,497 (43.2%) | <0.001 | 1.084 | 1.078–1.090 | |
| Indigenous peoples | 3,100 (0.3%) | 2,481 (0.2%) | 5,581 (0.3%) | <0.001 | 1.928 | 1.829–2.033 | |
| Educational level | Illiterate | 36,341 (8.5%) | 42,377 (7.5%) | 78,718 (7.9%) | <0.001 | 1.120 | 1.100–1.140 |
| 1st fundamental cycle | 115,419 (27.0%) | 143,260 (25.5%) | 258,679 (26.1%) | <0.001 | 1.052 | 1.038–1.067 | |
| 2nd fundamental cycle | 72,134 (16.8%) | 98,604 (17.5%) | 170,738 (17.2%) | <0.001 | 0.955 | 0.941–0.970 | |
| High school | 115,525 (27.0%) | 169,239 (30.1%) | 284,764 (28.7%) | <0.001 | 0.892 | 0.880–0.904 | |
| University education | 54,593 (12.8%) | 71,298 (12.7%) | 125,891 (12.7%) | 1 | Reference | ||
| Not applicable | 34,101 (8.0%) | 37,700 (6.7%) | 71,801 (7.2%) | - | - | ||
| Place of residence | Urban | 959,510 (94.6%) | 1,311,499 (94.1%) | 2,271,009 (94.3%) | 1 | Reference | |
| Rural | 50,545 (5.0%) | 76,286 (5.5%) | 126,831 (5.3%) | <0.001 | 0.906 | 0.895–0.916 | |
| Peri-urban | 4,027 (0.4%) | 6,025 (0.4%) | 10,052 (0.4%) | <0.001 | 0.914 | 0.878–0.951 | |
| Living in a Flu outbreak region |
Yes | 207,673 (28.0%) | 53,796 (30.9%) | 261,469 (28.5%) | <0.001 | 0.867 | 0.857–0.877 |
| No | 535,181 (72.0%) | 120,204 (69.1%) | 655,385 (71.5%) | 1 | Reference | ||
| Received Flu vaccine | Yes | 153,446 (32.7%) | 127,214 (19.8%) | 280,660 (25.2%) | <0.001 | 1.971 | 1.954–1.988 |
| No | 315,497 (67.3%) | 515,554 (80.2%) | 831,051 (74.8%) | 1 | Reference | ||
| Used antiviral drug to treat the clinical signs |
Yes | 180,826 (21.7%) | 42,218 (4.0%) | 223,044 (11.8%) | <0.001 | 6.720 | 6.646–6.795 |
| No | 650,953 (78.3%) | 1,021,342 (96.0%) | 1,672,295 (88.2%) | 1 | Reference | ||
| Intensive care unit | Yes | 328,149 (34.3%) | 464,605 (34.6%) | 792,754 (34.5%) | <0.001 | 0.987 | 0.982–0.993 |
| No | 627,365 (65.7%) | 876,840 (65.4%) | 1,504,205 (65.5%) | 1 | Reference | ||
| Mechanical ventilatory support |
Invasive | 167,340 (17.8%) | 253,464 (19.1%) | 420,804 (18.5%) | <0.001 | 0.576 | 0.572–0.581 |
| Non-Invasive | 474,813 (50.4%) | 813,942 (61.2%) | 1,288,755 (56.7%) | <0.001 | 0.509 | 0.506–0.513 | |
| Not required | 300,128 (31.9%) | 261,989 (19.7%) | 562,117 (24.7%) | 1 | Reference | ||
| Closure criterion | Laboratorial criterion | 981,259 (92.1%) | 1,249,557 (89.1%) | 2,230,816 (90.4%) | <0.001 | 1 | Reference |
| Clinical - Epidemiological | 10,967 (1.0%) | 21,405 (1.5%) | 32,372 (1.3%) | <0.001 | 0.652 | 0.638–0.678 | |
| Clinical | 46,582 (4.4%) | 54,802 (3.9%) | 101,384 (4.1%) | <0.001 | 1.082 | 1.069–1.096 | |
| Clinical - Image exams | 27,148 (2.5%) | 76,110 (5.4%) | 103,258 (4.2%) | <0.001 | 0.454 | 0.448–0.461 | |
| Outcome | Cure | 703,085 (69.6%) | 874,194 (67.3%) | 1,577,279 (68.3%) | 1 | Reference | |
| Death | 293,037 (29.0%) | 408,570 (31.5%) | 701,607 (30.4%) | <0.001 | 0.892 | 0.887–0.897 | |
| Death not related to SARI | 14,608 (1.4%) | 15,943 (1.2%) | 30,551 (1.3%) | <0.001 | 1.139 | 1.114–1.165 | |
| SARI categories | SARI due to Influenza | 2,416 (0.2%) | 1,058 (0.1%) | 3,474 (0.1%) | <0.001 | 3.965 | 3.688–4.262 |
| SARI due to other respiratory viruses' infection |
4,648 (0.4%) | 11,979 (0.7%) | 16,627 (0.6%) | <0.001 | 0.674 | 0.651–0.697 | |
| SARI due to another known etiological agent |
3,072 (0.3%) | 3,794 (0.2%) | 6,866 (0.3%) | <0.001 | 1.406 | 1.340–1.474 | |
| SARI due to an undefined etiological agent |
468,407 (41.0%) | 427,800 (26.8%) | 896,207 (32.7%) | <0.001 | 1.901 | 1.891–1.911 | |
| SARI due to COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) |
664,076 (58.1%) | 1,153,022 (72.2%) | 1,817,098 (66.3%) | 1 | Reference |
We presented the data as the number of individuals (N) and percentage (%).
We did the statistical analyses using the chi-square test. We adopted an alpha error of 0.05.
SARS-CoV-2, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2; OR, odds ratio; 95%CI, 95% confidence interval; y.o., years old.
*
We further divided the patients into two periods. The first period was from December 29, 2019, to December 31, 2020.