Table 2.
Predictors for QOL among older adults during COVID-19 pandemic
| Variables | Crud β coefficient (CI 95%) | Adjusted β coefficient (CI 95%) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fear |
− 0.74(− 0.87, − 0.61) p < 0.001 |
− 0.44(− 0.57, − 0.32) p < 0.001 |
|
| Age |
− 0.90(− 1.08, − 0.73) p < 0.001 |
− 0.49(− 0.66, − 0.32) p < 0.001 |
|
| Gender |
− 3.70(− 6.28, − 1.11) p = 0.005 |
0.97(− 1.37, 3.31) p = 0.416 |
|
| Marital status | Single | 1 | 1 |
| Married |
1.77(− 3.26, 6.79) p = 490 |
− 4.23(− 11.26, 2.79) p = 0.237 |
|
| Divorced |
− 10.77(− 16.75, − 4.79) p < 0.001 |
− 5.792(− 10.99, − 0.58) p = 0.029 |
|
| Widow |
− 13.18(− 18.39, − 7.95) p < 0.001 |
− 2.46(− 7.62, 2.69) p = 0.349 |
|
| Level of education | Illiterate | 1 | 1 |
| Elementary |
4.48(0.68, 8.28) p = 0.021 |
2.67(− 0.46, 5.80) p = 0.095 |
|
| Secondary |
11.52(7.88, 15.16) p < 0.001 |
4.45(1.15, 7.74) p = 0.008 |
|
| Academic |
20.74(15.81, 25.67) p < 0.001 |
6.25(1.49, 11.01) p = 0.010 |
|
| Economic situation | Low | 1 | 1 |
| Average |
10.50(6.51, 14.49) p < 0.001 |
9.18(5.89, 12.47) p < 0.001 |
|
| Good |
18.68(14.50, 22.86) p < 0.001 |
12.68(9.00, 16.35) p < 0.001 |
|
| Excellent |
26.64(21.12, 32.18) p < 0.001 |
14.64(9.69, 19.60) p < 0.001 |
|
| Job | Housewife-unemployed | 1 | 1 |
| Retired |
9.10(6.45, 11.75) p < 0.001 |
0.99(− 2.18, 4.16) p = 0.540 |
|
| Employed |
12.90(8.60, 17.19) p < 0.001 |
1.23(− 10.33, 12.80) p = 0.843 |
|
| Living arrangement | With spouse | 1 | 1 |
| With children and spouse |
− 0.04(− 3.59, 3.5) p = 0.982 |
0.87(− 2.01, 3.77) p = 0.552 |
|
| With children |
− 12.86(− 16.31, − 9.42) p < 0.001 |
− 5.64(− 12.45, 1.15) p = 0.104 |
|
| Alone |
− 13.85(− 16.73, − 10.98) p < 0.001 |
− 8.44(− 14.75, − 2.14) p = 0.009 |
|
| Others |
− 11.57(− 20.45, − 2.69) p = 0.011 |
− 13.28(− 22.43, − 4.12) p = 0.005 |
|
| Insurance | Yes |
8.96(5.40, 12.52) p < 0.001 |
− 0.13(− 3.34, 3.08) p = 0.938 |
| COVID in family | Yes |
− 6.63(− 9.58, − 3.70) p < 0.001 |
− 0.12(− 3.34, 3.08) p = 0.938 |
| COVID death in family | Yes |
− 7.03(− 9.71, − 4.34) p < 0.001 |
− 0.72(− 1.49, 0.04) p = 0.065 |
| Physical disease | Yes |
− 8.05(− 12.37, − 3.73) p < 0.001 |
− 2.49(− 5.82, 0.83) p = 0.141 |
β: Standard regression coefficient, t: Test statistics, QoL: Quality of Life, SD: Standard Deviation, CI: Confidence Interval