Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the overall population, earlier use group (<3 months), and later use group (≥3 months)
| Overall population (n = 115) | Earlier use (n = 67) | Later use (n = 48) | P value a | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Age, years | 60.9 ± 14.7 | 58.0 ± 14.5 | 65.0 ± 14.1 | 0.010 |
| Male gender, n (%) | 77 (67.0) | 47 (70.1) | 30 (62.5) | 0.390 |
| Height, cm | 164.6 ± 10.2 | 165.5 ± 10.7 | 163.4 ± 9.6 | 0.272 |
| Weight, kg | 69.5 ± 15.9 | 72.1 ± 15.9 | 66.0 ± 15.5 | 0.042 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 25.4 ± 4.1 | 26.1 ± 3.9 | 24.5 ± 4.1 | 0.034 |
| Haemodynamic data | ||||
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 120.2 ± 17.4 | 121.7 ± 18.1 | 118.1 ± 16.3 | 0.274 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 71.1 ± 13.5 | 73.3 ± 13.8 | 68.2 ± 12.6 | 0.046 |
| Mean arterial pressure, mmHg | 87.5 ± 13.5 | 89.3 ± 14.1 | 84.8 ± 12.3 | 0.072 |
| Heart rate, b.p.m. | 79.3 ± 15.9 | 79.7 ± 15.2 | 78.6 ± 17.0 | 0.711 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 35 (30.4) | 24 (35.8) | 11 (22.9) | 0.138 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 54 (47.0) | 38 (56.7) | 16 (33.3) | 0.013 |
| Chronic kidney disease, n (%) | 27 (23.5) | 10 (14.9) | 17 (35.4) | 0.011 |
| Dyslipidaemia, n (%) | 26 (22.6) | 16 (23.9) | 10 (20.8) | 0.700 |
| Stroke, n (%) | 10 (8.7) | 6 (9.0) | 4 (8.3) | 0.907 |
| Ischaemic heart disease, n (%) | 22 (19.1) | 10 (14.9) | 12 (25.0) | 0.176 |
| Laboratory data | ||||
| WBC, 103/μL | 7.15 ± 1.80 | 7.07 ± 1.50 | 7.27 ± 2.19 | 0.575 |
| Haemoglobin, g/dL | 13.7 ± 2.1 | 14.2 ± 1.8 | 13.0 ± 2.4 | 0.004 |
| Platelet, 103/μL | 227.3 ± 57.5 | 225.7 ± 55.5 | 229.6 ± 61.0 | 0.734 |
| Total bilirubin, mg/dL | 0.82 ± 0.55 | 0.9 ± 0.62 | 0.72 ± 0.41 | 0.133 |
| BUN, mg/dL | 19.5 ± 8.5 | 18.8 ± 7.0 | 20.4 ± 10.3 | 0.351 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 1.04 ± 0.4 | 1.00 ± 0.35 | 1.09 ± 0.47 | 0.247 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 81.1 ± 26.2 | 82.8 ± 21.0 | 78.5 ± 32.2 | 0.434 |
| AST, U/L | 25.5 ± 12.5 | 26.8 ± 14.5 | 23.3 ± 8.7 | 0.205 |
| ALT, U/L | 27.7 ± 25.7 | 32.7 ± 30.3 | 20.6 ± 14.9 | 0.011 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 164.6 ± 46.1 | 164.8 ± 43.4 | 164.1 ± 51.0 | 0.959 |
| Triglyceride, mg/dL | 160.6 ± 72.0 | 167.5 ± 79.3 | 148.9 ± 57.9 | 0.404 |
| HDL, mg/dL | 47.4 ± 14.2 | 48.4 ± 16.1 | 45.5 ± 10.2 | 0.521 |
| LDL, mg/dL | 91.3 ± 38.3 | 89.5 ± 32.5 | 94.4 ± 47.6 | 0.676 |
| NT‐proBNP, pg/mL | 4581.5 ± 5714.9 | 4007.9 ± 4274.7 | 5390.3 ± 7267.4 | 0.292 |
| Treatment at Sac/Val initial use | ||||
| Days to Sac/Val use b , days | 114.6 ± 110.9 | 52.1 ± 14.3 | 201.8 ± 127.3 | 0.000 |
| Beta‐blocker, n (%) | 104 (90.4) | 61 (91.0) | 43 (89.6) | 0.793 |
| Spironolactone, n (%) | 86 (74.8) | 53 (79.1) | 33 (68.8) | 0.207 |
| Other diuretics, n (%) | 84 (73.0) | 54 (80.6) | 30 (62.5) | 0.031 |
| Digoxin, n (%) | 15 (13.0) | 9 (13.4) | 6 (12.5) | 0.884 |
| Amiodarone, n (%) | 6 (5.2) | 3 (4.5) | 3 (6.3) | 0.673 |
| Anti‐coagulant, n (%) | 48 (41.7) | 25 (37.3) | 23 (47.9) | 0.256 |
| Anti‐platelet, n (%) | 30 (26.1) | 14 (20.9) | 16 (33.3) | 0.134 |
| Echocardiography data | ||||
| Ejection fraction, % | 22.8 ± 7.2 | 21.3 ± 6.4 | 24.8 ± 7.9 | 0.012 |
| LVEDD, mm | 6.19 ± 0.72 | 6.27 ± 0.71 | 6.08 ± 0.72 | 0.163 |
| LVESD, mm | 5.42 ± 0.88 | 5.55 ± 0.81 | 5.23 ± 0.93 | 0.055 |
| LAD, mm | 4.71 ± 0.83 | 4.83 ± 0.84 | 4.55 ± 0.79 | 0.071 |
| IVSd, mm | 0.92 ± 0.17 | 0.93 ± 0.15 | 0.90 ± 0.19 | 0.267 |
| PWDd, mm | 0.94 ± 0.18 | 0.96 ± 0.18 | 0.92 ± 0.16 | 0.322 |
| LVVI, mL/m2 | 98.3 ± 31.1 | 102.0 ± 29.6 | 93.2 ± 32.8 | 0.151 |
| LAVI, mL/m2 | 64.8 ± 21.7 | 65.5 ± 19.5 | 63.9 ± 24.6 | 0.708 |
| E, m/s | 0.89 ± 0.27 | 0.91 ± 0.27 | 0.86 ± 0.26 | 0.299 |
| A, m/s | 0.66 ± 0.30 | 0.64 ± 0.30 | 0.71 ± 0.30 | 0.173 |
| E/A | 1.83 ± 1.22 | 2.03 ± 1.36 | 1.49 ± 0.86 | 0.027 |
| Deceleration time, ms | 152.4 ± 51.7 | 144.9 ± 53.6 | 164.0 ± 47.0 | 0.085 |
| E/e′ | 17.3 ± 14.3 | 19.1 ± 17.3 | 14.6 ± 7.8 | 0.073 |
A, peak velocity of late transmitral flow; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; E, peak velocity of early diastolic transmitral flow; e′, peak velocity of early diastolic mitral annular motion as determined by pulse wave Doppler; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL, high‐density lipoprotein; IVSd, interventricular septum thickness at end‐diastole; LAD, left atrial anteroposterior dimension; LAVI, left atrial volume index; LDL, low‐density lipoprotein; LVEDD, left ventricular end‐diastolic dimension; LVESD, left ventricular end‐systolic dimension; LVVI, left ventricular volume index; NT‐proBNP, N‐terminal pro‐brain natriuretic peptide; PWDd, posterior wall thickness at end‐diastole; Sac/Val, sacubitril/valsartan; WBC, white blood cell.
Earlier use group vs. later use group.
Duration between heart failure with reduced ejection fraction diagnosis and the initiation of Sac/Val.