TABLE 2.

Summarized molecular and cellular changes, and structural and functional phenotypes in response to different therapies

Initial insult	LVRR induced by	Molecular and cellular changes	Structural and functional phenotypes
Genetic mutation	Spontaneously	Reversal of cell hypertrophy 117 , 118	Normalization of chamber geometry
Inflammation	Pharmacotherapy	Improved contractility 115	Increased ejection fraction
Cardiotoxicity	Resynchronization therapy	Changes in collagen content 13	Reduced volumes and diameters
Abnormal energetics	Mitral valve repair	Ca2+ metabolism 115 , 116	Leftward shifts in EDPVR
Mechanical/biological stress	LVAD	β‐Adrenergic responsiveness 13 , 114	↓ Functional mitral regurgitation
		Reduced apoptosis/necrosis 122

EDPVR, end‐diastolic pressure–volume ratio; LVAD, left ventricular assist device; LVRR, left ventricular reverse remodelling.