Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of enrolled patients
| All (n = 30) | Control (n = 15) | HBCR (n = 15) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 63.7 ± 10.1 | 67.7 ± 8.9 | 59.8 ± 10.0 | 0.03 |
| Male, n (%) | 16 (53) | 7 (47) | 9 (60) | 0.46 |
| Height (cm) | 162.5 ± 7.8 | 160.5 ± 7.3 | 164.6 ± 7.9 | 0.15 |
| Weight (kg) | 54.7 ± 8.8 | 54.7 ± 9.2 | 54.8 ± 8.7 | 0.98 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 20.6 ± 2.5 | 21.1 ± 2.3 | 20.2 ± 2.6 | 0.30 |
| NYHA class, n (%) | 0.71 | |||
| II | 19 (63) | 9 (60) | 10 (67) | |
| III | 11 (37) | 6 (40) | 5 (33) | |
| Frailty (J‐CHS), n (%) | 0.99 | |||
| Frailty | 10 (33) | 5 (33) | 5 (33) | |
| Pre‐frailty | 20 (67) | 10 (67) | 10 (67) | |
| Aetiologies of heart failure, n (%) | 0.50 | |||
| Ischaemic heart disease | 4 (13) | 1 (6) | 3 (20) | |
| Dilated cardiomyopathy | 9 (35) | 6 (43) | 3 (25) | |
| Sarcoidosis | 5 (19) | 2 (14) | 3 (25) | |
| Amyloidosis | 2 (8) | 1 (7) | 1 (8) | |
| Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy | 2 (8) | 0 (0) | 2 (17) | |
| Hypertensive heart disease | 1 (4) | 1 (7) | 0 (0) | |
| Other | 7 (27) | 4 (29) | 3 (25) | |
| Medical history, n (%) | ||||
| PCI | 3 (10) | 1 (7) | 2 (13) | 1.00 |
| Valvular surgery | 3 (10) | 1 (7) | 2 (13) | 1.00 |
| PMI | 3 (10) | 2 (13) | 1 (7) | 1.00 |
| ICD | 6 (20) | 2 (13) | 4 (27) | 0.65 |
| CRT‐P | 1 (3) | 1 (7) | 0 (0) | 1.00 |
| CRT‐D | 7 (23) | 2 (13) | 5 (33) | 0.39 |
| LVAD | 4 (13) | 2 (13) | 2 (13) | 1.00 |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||
| Hypertension | 6 (20) | 2 (13) | 4 (27) | 0.36 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 5 (17) | 2 (13) | 3 (20) | 0.62 |
| Hyperlipidaemia | 6 (20) | 3 (20) | 3 (20) | 1.00 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 7 (23) | 4 (27) | 3 (20) | 0.67 |
| Physiological parameter | ||||
| SBP (mmHg) | 99.8 ± 23.3 | 105.1 ± 28.3 | 94.6 ± 16.4 | 0.23 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 67.3 ± 15.2 | 68.7 ± 17.7 | 66.0 ± 12.7 | 0.64 |
| PR (b.p.m.) | 73.9 ± 14.1 | 75.6 ± 13.4 | 72.2 ± 15.1 | 0.52 |
| Echocardiography | ||||
| LVDd (mm) | 54.2 ± 11.2 | 57.3 ± 12.6 | 51.1 ± 8.8 | 0.13 |
| LVDs (mm) | 43.9 ± 14.1 | 46.7 ± 16.6 | 41.1 ± 11.0 | 0.28 |
| LVEF (%) | 42.2 ± 17.4 | 44.5 ± 17.3 | 39.9 ± 17.8 | 0.48 |
| LVEF < 40%, n (%) | 14 (47) | 8 (53) | 6 (40) | 0.46 |
| Medication, n (%) | ||||
| ACE inhibitor | 20 (67) | 9 (60) | 11 (73) | 0.44 |
| ARB | 3 (10) | 2 (13) | 1 (6) | 0.54 |
| Beta‐blocker | 29 (97) | 15 (100) | 14 (93) | 0.31 |
| MRA | 18 (60) | 8 (53) | 10 (67) | 0.46 |
| Calcium channel blocker | 3 (10) | 0 (0) | 3 (20) | 0.07 |
| Loop diuretic | 10 (33) | 7 (47) | 3 (20) | 0.12 |
| Inotropic agent | 7 (23) | 3 (20) | 4 (27) | 0.67 |
| Statin | 8 (27) | 5 (33) | 3 (20) | 0.41 |
|
Anticoagulant |
13 (43) | 4 (27) | 9 (60) | 0.65 |
| Average steps a day (steps) | 4376 ± 2297 | 3936 ± 2373 | 4816 ± 2209 | 0.30 |
Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation and percentages. P values are derived by unpaired t‐test between the control group and the HBCR group.
ACE, angiotensin converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; CRT, cardiac resynchronization therapy; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HBCR, home‐base cardiac rehabilitation; ICD, implantable cardiac defibrillator; J‐CHS, Japanese version of the cardiovascular health study criteria; LVAD, left ventricular assist device; LVDd, left ventricular dimension diastole; LVDs, left ventricular dimension systole; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; NYHA, New York Heart Association; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; PMI, pacemaker implantation; PR, pulse rate; SBP, systolic blood pressure.