Table 1.
Characteristic of patients with or without nutritional risk as assessed by mini nutritional assessment‐short form score
| Overall (n = 150) | MNA‐SF > 11 (n = 75) (nutritional risk [−]) | MNA‐SF ≤ 11 (n = 75) (nutritional risk [+]) | P‐value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 67.5 [60.3, 77.0] | 67.0 [61.0, 74.0] | 68.0 [59.5, 77.5] | 0.463 |
| Male (%) | 104 (69.3) | 55 (73.3) | 49 (65.3) | 0.376 |
| SBP (mmHg) (n = 102) | 113.0 [96.0, 129.8] | 115.0 [97.0, 129.0] | 112.0 [96.0, 130.0] | 0.904 |
| NYHA (I/II/III), n (%) | 45 (30.0)/92 (61.3)/13 (8.7) | 30 (40.0)/41 (54.7)/4 (5.3) | 15 (20.0)/51 (68.0)/9 (12.0) | 0.017 |
| MLHFQ | 14.5 [5.0, 26.0] | 13.0 [4.0, 23.0] | 18.0 [6.0, 30.0] | 0.066 |
| PHQ‐9 | 2.0 [0.0, 4.0] | 2.0 [0.0, 3.5] | 2.0 [0.0, 6.0] | 0.132 |
| LVEF (%) (n = 147) | 45.0 [30.0, 57.0] | 48.0 [33.0, 56.0] | 43.5 [26.5, 57.9] | 0.395 |
| Aetiology of HF | ||||
| Ischaemic, n (%) | 48 (32.0) | 27 (36.0) | 21 (28.0) | 0.382 |
| Valve, n (%) | 38 (25.3) | 16 (21.3) | 22 (29.3) | 0.348 |
| DCM, n (%) | 46 (30.7) | 23 (30.7) | 23 (30.7) | 1.000 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Hypertension, n (%) | 83 (55.3) | 48 (64.0) | 35 (46.7) | 0.048 |
| DM, n (%) | 39 (26.0) | 23 (30.7) | 16 (21.3) | 0.264 |
| Dyslipidaemia, n (%) | 83 (55.3) | 49 (65.3) | 34 (45.3) | 0.021 |
| Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 38 (25.3) | 19 (25.3) | 19 (25.3) | 1.000 |
| Medications | ||||
| ACE‐I/ARB, n (%) | 114 (76.0) | 51 (68.0) | 63 (84.0) | 0.035 |
| Beta‐blockers, n (%) | 129 (86.0) | 63 (84.0) | 66 (88.0) | 0.639 |
| MRA, n (%) | 85 (56.7) | 43 (57.3) | 42 (56.0) | 1.000 |
| Loop diuretics, n (%) | 117 (78.0) | 56 (74.7) | 61 (81.3) | 0.431 |
| Statins, n (%) | 72 (48.0) | 41 (54.7) | 31 (41.3) | 0.141 |
| Laboratory data | ||||
| Sodium (mEq) | 140.0 [139.0, 142.0] | 140.0 [139.0, 142.0] | 140.0 [139.0, 142.0] | 0.912 |
| Haemoglobin (g/dL) | 13.2 [11.9, 14.3] | 13.5 [12.1, 14.5] | 12.9 [11.6, 14.0] | 0.035 |
| BUN (mg/dL) (n = 149) | 20.0 [16.1, 27.0] | 20.0 [16.5, 25.0] | 20.0 [16.0, 31.7] | 0.313 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) (n = 149) | 54.2 [38.4, 67.6] | 54.6 [40.9, 64.7] | 52.7 [35.8, 69.8] | 0.752 |
| BNP (pg/mL) (n = 148) | 153.6 [72.9, 371.0] | 146.0 [58.7, 292.6] | 170.0 [87.6, 414.0] | 0.147 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 172.5 [147.5, 193.0] | 173.0 [143.0, 192.0] | 172.0 [153.0, 194.5] | 0.257 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 4.2 [3.9, 4.4] | 4.2 [3.9, 4.3] | 4.2 [4.0, 4.4] | 0.866 |
| Pre‐albumin (mg/dL) | 26.4 [21.9, 31.2] | 26.5 [22.9, 31.7] | 26.3 [21.4, 31.0] | 0.835 |
| Lymphocyte count (μL) | 1510.0 [1210.8, 1938.8] | 1550.0 [1224.0, 1909.5] | 1500.0 [1199.5, 1977.0]| | 0.728 |
| Nutritional indicators | ||||
| BMI | 22.9 [20.7, 25.7] | 24.7 [23.1, 26.6] | 20.8 [19.0, 22.9] | <0.001 |
| MNA‐SF | 11.5 [10.0, 13.0] | 13.0 [12.0, 13.0] | 10.0 [9.0, 11.0] | <0.001 |
| GNRI | 108.2 [103.7, 111.0] | 109.6 [105.2, 111.1] | 105.6 [100.3, 109.9] | 0.004 |
| CONUT | 2.0 [1.0, 2.0] | 2.0 [1.0, 2.0] | 1.0 [1.0, 2.5] | 0.508 |
| Reduced dietary intake, n (%) | 10 (6.7) | 0 (0.0) | 10 (13.5) | 0.001 |
| Body weight loss, n (%) | 33 (22.0) | 7 (9.3) | 26 (34.7) | <0.001 |
| %AMC (%) | 101.0 [94.0, 112.0] | 108.0 [97.0, 114.0] | 97.0 [88.0, 105.0] | <0.001 |
| %TSF (%) | 103.0 [78.0, 139.0] | 112.0 [94.0, 148.0] | 86.0 [65.0, 136.0] | 0.003 |
| CC (cm) (n = 149) | 33.8 [31.5, 36.5] | 35.1 [32.9, 37.0] | 32.0 [30.3, 34.4] | <0.001 |
| Physical function | ||||
| 6‐MWD (m) (n = 128) | 431.5 [349.5, 498.3] | 432.0 [364.0, 494.5] | 430.0 [332.0, 498.0] | 0.673 |
6‐MWD, 6 min walk distance; ACE‐I, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor; AMC, arm muscle circumference; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; BNP, B‐type natriuretic peptide; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; CC, calf circumference; CONUT, controlling nutrition status; DCM, dilated cardiomyopathy; DM, diabetes mellitus; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; GNRI, geriatric nutritional risk index; HF, heart failure; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; MLHFQ, Minnesota Living Heart Failure Questionnaire; MNA‐SF, mini nutritional assessment‐short form; MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists; NYHA, New York Heart Association; PHQ‐9, Patient Health Questionnaire‐9; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TSF, triceps skinfold.
Continuous variables are expressed as medians [interquartile ranges].