Table 1.
The list of Psychobiotics and their positive psycho effects
| Potential Psychobiotics | Dosage of Psychobiotics | Observation psycho effect | Study model | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| B. longum 1714 | 1 × 109 CFU/day by the stick with probiotic strains mixed into milk and drunk each morning for 4 weeks | Decreased stress and enhanced memory | Clinical/N = 22 healthy male volunteers | (Allen et al. 2016) |
| L. rhamnosus (JB-1) | 1 × 109 CFU/day as capsule for 4 weeks | Decreased stress-related behaviors, corticosterone release, and altered expression of central GABA* receptors | Clinical N = 29 healthy male volunteers | (Kelly et al. 2017) |
| L. reuteri ATG-F4 | 1 × 107 CFU/day as drinking water for 4 weeks | Anti-inflammatory effects interleukin (IL)-10 and serum dopamine level significantly increased | Animal model N = 10 male mice | (Beck et al. 2019) |
| Pedicoccus pentosaceus WS11, L. plantarum SK321, L. fermentum SK324, L. brevis TRBC 3003, B. adolescentis TBRC 7154, Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis TBRC 375 | 6 × 109 CFU/day as cell pellets were administered daily via oral gavage for 14 days | Reduced anxiety level, increased locomotor function, improved short-term memory | Animal model N = 7 male Wistar rats | (Luang-In et al. 2020) |
| L.gasseri CP2305 | 1 × 1010 CFU/day mixed with acid milk beverages for 5 weeks | Improved the sleep quality, effect on the growth of fecal Bacteroides spp. involved in the intestinal inflammation | Clinical N = 21 male and N = 11 female healthy students | (Nishida et al. 2017) |
| L. plantarum PS128 | 1 × 1010 CFU/day as pellet for 2 weeks by oral administration | Reduced tic-like behaviors | Animal model N = 10 male Wistar rat | (Liao et al. 2019) |
| L. plantarum PS128 | 3 × 1010 CFU/day as capsule for 4 weeks | Improve opposition/defiance behaviors in ASD children | Clinical N = 80 children (7–15 age) with ASD | (Liu et al. 2019) |
| L. plantarum PS128 | 1 × 1010 CFU/day as pellet by oral gavage for 4 weeks | Reduced motor deficits, elevated corticosterone, and prevention of Parkinson’s disease | Animal model N = 18 male mice | (Liao et al. 2020) |
| Multi-strain probiotic (Bacillus coagulans Unique IS2, L. rhamnosus UBLR58, B. lactis UBBLa70, L. plantarum UBLP40, B. breve UBBr01, B. infantis UBBI01) | 1 × 109 CFU/capsule 2 times a day for 28 days | Reduction in depression anxiety stress scale and state-trait anxiety inventory | Clinical N = 80 student (63 female and 17 male) | (Venkataraman et al. 2021) |
| L. plantarum 90sk and B. adolescentis 150 | 0.5 mL/day of the mixture includes 1 × 107 CFU of B. adolescentis and 1 × 108 CFU of L. plantarum by oral gavage for 14 days | Reduced depressive-like behavior | Animal model N = 48 male mice with anxiety-like behavior and measures of despair | (Yunes et al. 2020) |
| L. rhamnosus JB-1 | 1 × 109 CFU/day by oral treatment for 14 days | Antidepressant effects | Animal model N = 46 male mice with anxiety-like behavior and measures of despair | (McVey Neufeld et al. 2018) |
| L. casei W56, L. acidophilus W22, L. paracasei W20, B. lactis W51, L. salivarius W24, L. lactis W19, B. lactis W52, L. plantarum W62, and B. bifidum W23 | 3000 mg daily oral treatment for 6 months | Normalized the gut-microbiome composition, reduced inflammation and gastrointestinal discomfort, and increased body weight | Clinical N = 60 patients with anorexia nervosa (13–19 years) | (Gröbner et al. 2022) |
*GABA: γ-aminobutyric acid, L: Lactobacillus, B: Bifidobacterium