Figure 2.

Training with Candida albicans and MDP prompts elevated cytokine responses in THP-1 cells. (A) Schematic overview of in vitro THP-1 cell model for trained immunity. (B-D) Concentrations of IL-6 or TNFα quantified by ELISA in culture supernatants of THP-1 cells trained with heat-killed Candida albicans (HKCA; 10⁶ cells/mL), muramyl dipeptide (MDP; 50 µg/mL) or RPMI and re-stimulated with (B) 50 ng/mL LPS, (C) 10 µg/mL Pam3Cys, or (D) 5 µg/mL poly I:C for 24 hours. Symbols represent the average of triplicates. Depending on the data distribution, bars represent means or medians and Friedman test or repeated measures ANOVA were performed to compare groups. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.