Table 1.

Ca²⁺ channels and pumps used as targets by viruses.

Calcium channels or pumps	Virus and viral proteins	Consequences of interaction	References
Voltage-gated calcium (VGC) channels	IAV HA	HA binds to CaV1.2 to promotes virus entry	Fujioka et al., 2018
	HIV gp120/Tat	gp120/Tat activate VGCC to promotes extracellular calcium influx	Holden et al., 1999; Mayne et al., 2000
	Flavivirus (JEV, ZIKV, DENV, WNV)	VGCC blockers inhibit flavivirus replication	Wang et al., 2017
	Rotavirus	Rotavirus infection of cells activates a cation channel	Pérez et al., 1999
	HSV	HSV-1 downregulates the Cav3.2 channel to escape host detection	Zhang et al., 2019
	EBV/CMV	L-type Ca2+-channel blockers inhibit the increase in intracellular Ca2+ by virus	Nokta et al., 1987; Dugas et al., 1988
Store-operated calcium (SOC) channels STIM1/ORAI1	DENV, EBOV, MARV, JUNV	Virus activate STIM1 and ORAI1 channel to trigger host cell Ca2+ signals, promoting virion assembly and budding	Han et al., 2015; Dionicio et al., 2018
	HBV X proteins	HBx protein directly binds and modifies STIM1-ORAI1 complexes to regulate Ca2+	Yao et al., 2018
Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels	RSV, MV, HRV	Viruses upregulated TRP channels like TRPV1, TRPA1 and TRPM8 to create an intracellular Ca2+ environment conducive to their replication	Abdullah et al., 2014; Omar et al., 2017
	ZIKV, DENV, HCV	TRPV4 drives DDX3X nuclear translocation and activated DDX3X-dependent functions to promote the viral RNA metabolism	Doñate-Macián et al., 2018
Receptor-operated calcium (ROC) channels	ZIKV, JEV	Viruses use NMDAr to induce neuronal cell death and inflammatory response	Sirohi and Kuhn, 2017; Chen et al., 2018
IR3Rs or RyRs	HBV, HTLV-1, PV, HSV, IAV	Viruses induce increased cytoplasmic Ca2+ from ER/SR by enhancing IP3Rs or RyRs activity	Hartshorn et al., 1988; Ding et al., 2002; Cheshenko et al., 2003; Xia et al., 2006; Brisac et al., 2010
Mitochondrial calcium channels	HIV protein R	protein R locates at mitochondria and cooperates with the ANT, leading to the release of Ca2+ in mitochondria	Jacotot et al., 2000
	HBV	HBx interacts with VDAC to trigger mitochondrial Ca2+ release	Chami et al., 2003
	HCV	HCV core protein triggers influx of Ca2+ to mitochondria via MCU	Ivanov et al., 2015
	PV, CV	Viruses induce Ca2+ uptake by MCU and VDAC of mitochondria	Brisac et al., 2010; Peischard et al., 2019
	MCMV, JEV, IAV, KHSV	The opening of MPTP release of Ca2+ from the mitochondria	Feng et al., 2002; Chanturiya et al., 2004; Huang et al., 2016; Panel et al., 2019
Two-pore channels (TPCs)	EBOV, MERS, MCPyV, SV40	Viruses mobilize Ca2+ from the lysosomal stores through TPC channels to facilitate virus–endosome membrane fusion	Sakurai et al., 2015; Gunaratne et al., 2018; Dobson et al., 2020
Calcium pumps	DENV, WNV, ZIKV	Ca2+ are pumped into Golgi by SPCA1 and trigger to produce functional viral glycoproteins	Hoffmann et al., 2017
	RSV	SERCA induce Ca2+ returning to the ER from the cytosol to promote viral genome replication and/or transcription	Cui et al., 2016