Fig. 3. Pathways and routes of endocytosis reported for nanoMOFs. There are several key routes which nanoMOFs may utilise to enter cells; clathrin- and caveolae-mediated endocytosis, macropinocytosis, clathrin and caveolin independent pathways and phagocytosis. These are mediated by the Rab protein family, small guanine triphosphatases (GTPases) that act to regulate pathways of endocytic trafficking. The final fate of the MOF is dependent on many factors including mechanism of uptake, cell type, MOF composition and API. The MOF may travel to the cytoplasm, undergo degradation in the lysosome, be trafficked out of the cell via the recycling pathway in exosomes or traffic to the cell nucleus. Created with BioRender.com.