Table 5.

Unclear correlates of palpitations in peri- and post-menopausal women based on insufficient evidence as determined by number of articles, type of statistical tests, and article results with citations.

	n	Citations
		Association		No association
		Bi	Multi	Bi	Multi
Clinical
Higher parity	2		33	34
Hyperthyroidism a	2	86,99
Bone density or fracture	2	37,69
Using estrogen/hormone therapy	2		50,76
Higher gravidity	1		68
Older age at second abortion	1	71
Diet (high animal fat)	1		67
Diet (low soy)	1	100
Chinese herbal medicine	1		89
Chinese medical diagnosis	1	114
Poorer fitness, flexibility, or balance	2			39	58
Alcohol use	2			47,58
Anthropometrics	2			58,72
Older age at menopause	1			34
Body composition b	1			58
Metabolism c	1			58
Overall health rating	1			47
Caffeine intake	1			58
Diet (low antioxidants)	1			35
Coronary artery calcium	1			112
Carotid intima-media thickness	1			112
Cardio-ankle vascular index	1			58
Ankle brachial pulse index	1			58
Heart rate, blood pressure	1			58
Sympathetic/parasympathetic tone	1			58
Biomarkers
Genotype (CYP1B1 Leu432Val)	2				79,80
Genotype (CYP17 A1 rs743572)	1			77
Estradiol levels	1			112
Hashimoto’s antibody present	1			86
Symptom/QOL
Worse anxiety	2		58,67
Worse stress d	2		47,76

Bi: bivariate tests for association such as chi-square tests, Mann–Whitney U tests, t-tests, ANOVA, or univariate logistic regression; multi: multivariate or multivariable tests for association such as multiple logistic or multiple regressions that controlled for confounders; CYP: cytochrome P450; QOL: quality of life.

Superscripted numbers are the article reference citations.

^aGrave’s disease, low thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and high thyroxine (T4).

^bIncluded % body fat, muscle mass, water mass, waist–hip ratio, and visceral fat level.

^cResting energy expenditure and body temperature.

^dPerceived stress or occurrence of upsetting events and being pessimistic.