Table 4.
Univariate clinical and functional correlates of the PCS score in the Kiel-I sub-cohort.
| Characteristic | PCS score |
p valued |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ≤10·75 (none/mild, n = 191) |
>10·75 to ≤26·25 (moderate, n = 280) |
>26·25 (severe, n = 109) |
unadjusted | adjusted | |
| Age [years] | 46·5 (16·4) | 47·0 (14·3) | 52·1 (16·1) | 0·0045 | 0·018 |
| Women, n (%) | 90 (47·4) | 169 (60·4) | 75 (68·8) | 0·00068 | 0·0027 |
| BMI [kg/m2] | 26·0 (4·4) | 27·2 (5·4) | 27·4 (5·8) | 0·018 | 0·073 |
| Smoker, n (%) | 46 (24·9) | 93 (33·9) | 33 (31·4) | 0·11 | n.a. |
| Vital signs at rest | |||||
| Oxygen saturation [%] | 98·9 (1·3) | 98·7 (1·2) | 98·6 (1·4) | 0·062 | n.a. |
| Heart rate [min−1] | 60·2 (10·2) | 62·3 (10·1) | 65·0 (12·2) | 0·00081 | 0·0032 |
| Systolic blood pressure [mmHg] | 141·7 (17·4) | 139·9 (18·7) | 142·6 (18·2) | 0·35 | n.a. |
| Diastolic blood pressure [mmHg] | 88·4 (9·8) | 89·5 (10·0) | 89·5 (9·2) | 0·44 | n.a. |
| Lung function: forced spirometrya | |||||
| FEV1 [L] | 3·51 (0·84) | 3·38 (0·85) | 2·96 (0·74) | <0·0001 | <0·0001 |
| FEV1 z score | -0·24 (0·93) | -0·30 (0·88) | -0·47 (0·98) | 0·14 | n.a. |
| FVC [L] | 4·48 (1·07) | 4·30 (1·03) | 3·79 (0·94) | <0·0001 | <0·0001 |
| FVC z score | -0·10 (0·85) | -0·15 (0·83) | -0·32 (0·87) | 0·10 | n.a. |
| FEV1/FVC | 0·79 (0·06) | 0·79 (0·06) | 0·78 (0·06) | 0·76 | n.a. |
| FEV1/FVC<0·7b, n (%) | 11 (6·2) | 18 (7·1) | 9 (9·1) | 0·65 | n.a. |
| Lung function: diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxidea | |||||
| DLCO [mmol/kPa/min] | 8·75 (2·08) | 8·13 (2·01) | 7·35 (1·70) | <0·0001 | <0·0001 |
| DLCO z score | -0·19 (0·89) | -0·44 (0·88) | -0·49 (0·98) | 0·0093 | 0·056 |
| DLCO <80% predicted, n (%) | 12 (7·4) | 34 (12·7) | 12 (13·0) | 0·19 | n.a. |
| KCO [mmol/kPa/min/L] | 1·45 (0·22) | 1·42 (0·21) | 1·40 (0·25) | 0·14 | n.a. |
| KCO z score | -0·17 (0·99) | -0·26 (0·93) | -0·29 (1·10) | 0·57 | n.a. |
| KCO <80% predicted, n (%) | 11 (6·8) | 21 (7·9) | 12 (13·0) | 0·20 | n.a. |
| Echocardiographyc | |||||
| Left ventricular stroke volume [mL] | 58·5 (15·6) | 55·3 (16·6) | 48·9 (13·7) | <0·0001 | <0·0001 |
| Left ventricular ejection fraction [%] | 64·8 (5·4) | 65·1 (5·6) | 63·5 (6·8) | 0·053 | n.a. |
| MAPSE septal [mm] | 14·1 (2·4) | 14·0 (2·4) | 13·3 (2·3) | 0·018 | 0·14 |
| MAPSE lateral [mm] | 16·6 (3·1) | 16·3 (3·1) | 15·9 (3·1) | 0·16 | n.a. |
| TAPSE [mm] | 24·4 (3·6) | 24·0 (3·6) | 23·8 (3·8) | 0·33 | n.a. |
| Diastolic dysfunction grade 1 or higher, n (%) | 63 (33·2) | 87 (31·5) | 45 (41·3) | 0·18 | n.a. |
| TR Pmax [mmHg] | 18·7 (5·1) | 19·8 (5·4) | 19·3 (7·0) | 0·28 | n.a. |
| Clinically relevant valve dysfunction, n (%) | 30 (17·5) | 49 (19·6) | 20 (20·8) | 0·78 | n.a. |
All participant characteristics are given as mean (SD) unless otherwise specified.
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in the first second; FVC, forced expiratory volume; DLCO, diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide; KCO, DLCO/ alveolar volume (VA); MAPSE, mitral annular plane systolic excursion; TAPSE, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; TR Pmax, maximal pressure gradient over tricuspid valve.
All three study sites used the same lung function device and followed harmonised standard operating procedures (SOPs) based upon international guidelines. Reference values from the Global Lung Function Initiative (GLI) were used for deriving characteristics of forced spirometry and diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (accessed via http://gli-calculator.ersnet.org/index.html).
FEV1/FVC<0·7 was used to indicate airflow limitation.
Echocardiography was performed by trained sonographers according to harmonised SOPs and supervised by a board-certified cardiologist.
dNominally significant p values were Bonferroni-adjusted by multiplication with the size of the respective group of characteristics (i.e., 4, 5, 6, or 8). n.a.: not applicable because the unadjusted p value already exceeded 0·050.