Table 5.

Reliability and statistical comparisons by country.

EDMC subscale	AT-DE-CH	U.S.	Total
Skill-related confidence dimension—1 (very low) to 5 (very high)
Cronbach α	0.884	0.938	0.908
x̄ (SD), Ra	3.42 (0.6), 1.7–5.0	3.80 (0.7), 2.2–5.0	3.53 (0.6), 1.8–5.0
T, p, CI 95% of mean difference	5.02, <0.001, 0.22–0.48
Behavior-related confidence dimension—1 (very low) to 5 (very high)
Cronbach α	0.851	0.911	0.874
x̄ (SD), Ra	3.15 (0.7), 1.0–5.0	3.55 (0.7), 2.0–5.0	3.3 (0.8), 1.0–5.0
T, p (df), CI 95% of mean difference	4.51, <0.001, 0.23–0.58

Notes: x̄ Mean, SD Standard Deviation, Ra Range, α alpha (internal consistency), T Student T-test, p significance level, df degrees of freedom, CI 95% confidence interval; AT Austria, DE Germany, CH Switzerland.