| Variables | a. Before PSM | b. After PSM | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FbF | Comparison | p‐value | FbF | Comparison | p‐value | |
| Province | ||||||
| Khentii (%) | 20.2 | 19.7 | 1.00 | 20.2 | 19.1 | 1.00 |
| Tuv (%) | 30.0 | 30.5 | 1.00 | 3 0 .1 | 31.2 | 1.00 |
| Uvs (%) | 29.6 | 30.0 | 1.00 | 30.6 | 28.3 | 1.00 |
| Zavkhan (%) | 20.2 | 19.7 | 1.00 | 19 .1 | 21.4 | 1.00 |
| Household demographics | ||||||
| Age of household head | 45.5 | 46.4 | 0.54 | 46.2 | 44.8 | 0.40 |
| Woman‐headed household (%) | 23.8 | 21.1 | 1.00 | 23.7 | 20.8 | 0.61 |
| Number of household members | 3.95 | 3.24 | 0.00 ∗∗∗ | 3.5 | 3.4 | 0.60 |
| Any children under 5 (%) | 43.0 | 33.6 | 0.17 | 39.3 | 37.6 | 0.83 |
| Any children 5–16 (%) | 50.7 | 33.2 | 0.00 ∗∗∗ | 41.0 | 37.0 | 0.53 |
| Any elderly (over 65) (%) | 15.2 | 22.0 | 0.18 | 18.5 | 18.5 | 1.00 |
| Any household members with a disability (%) | 21.5 | 11.7 | 0.04 ∗∗ | 22.0 | 11.6 | 0.01 ∗∗ |
| Distance of livestock winter shelter from soum centre (median kilometres) | 25.0 | 27.5 | 0.64 | 27 | 25 | 0.52 |
| Herd size | ||||||
| Sheep head units (SHU) | 292 | 277 | 0.42 | 274 | 276 | 0.93 |
| Per capita SHU | 90 | 110 | 0.02 ∗∗ | 96 | 106 | 0.43 |
| Households with small herd size (<= 200 SHU) (%) | 36.8 | 36.3 | 1.00 | 41.6 | 38.7 | 1.00 |
| Households with medium herd size (201–400 SHU) (%) | 42.6 | 48 | 0.67 | 41.0 | 44.5 | 1.00 |
| Households with large herd size (> 400 SHU) (%) | 20.6 | 15.7 | 0.67 | 17.3 | 16.8 | 1.00 |
| Herding experience (median years) | 23 | 23 | 1.00 | 22 | 22 | 1.00 |
| Non‐herding household income | ||||||
| Households with any non‐herding income (%) | 85.7 | 78.5 | 0.06 ∗ | 83.8 | 76.9 | 0.14 |
| Total non‐herding income (thousands MNT) | 155.2 | 197.7 | 0.03 ∗∗ | 172.6 | 187.8 | 0.51 |
| Non‐FbF assistance received to cope with dzud impacts: government (soum/aimag) | 26.9 | 17.5 | 0.16 | 23.1 | 20.8 | 0.70 |
| Duration of extreme winter conditions in household area (weeks) | 19.2 | 19.9 | 0.22 | 19.1 | 19.5 | 0.57 |
| N | 223 | 223 | – | 173 | 173 | – |
Source: authors.