TABLE 1.
Prevalence and symptomatology of stress and mood disorders
| Disorder | Prevalence | Male/female | Symptomatology | Treatment resistance |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anxiety disorders |
Global: 18.1% (Kessler et al., 2005) Canada: 11.6% (Statistics Canada, 2020) United States: 19.1% (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2019) Europe: 7% (WHO, 2012) |
Female > Male ≈ 2:1 |
Restlessness Irritability Sleep problems Difficulty concentrating Fatigue |
|
| Major depressive disorder (MDD) |
Global: 6.7% (Kessler et al., 2005) Canada: 3.9% (Patten et al., 2015) United States: 7.1% (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2019) Europe: 7% (WHO, 2012) |
Female > Male ≈ 2:1 |
Decreased energy, fatigue Difficulty concentrating Weight fluctuations Gastrointestinal problems Anhedonia Sadness, anxiety Helplessness Thoughts of death or suicide |
~50% do not respond to currently available antidepressant treatments (Akil et al., 2018). >1/3 of patients are resistant to conventional pharmacologic, psychologic, or somatic treatments (Akil et al., 2018; Dudek et al., 2019). |
| Post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) |
Lifetime: 3.5% (Kessler et al., 2005) Canada: 9.2% a (Van Ameringen et al., 2008) United States: 3.5% (Kessler et al., 2005) Europe: 1.1% (Darves‐Bornoz et al., 2008) |
Female > Male ≈ 2:1 |
Intrusive or recurring memories of the trauma Avoidance behaviors (thoughts, feelings, memories) Negative thinking Anhedonia Irritability Reckless behavior Hypervigilance Decreased concentration Sleep problems |
27.5% of UK veterans do not respond to treatments (Murphy & Smith, 2018). ~20%–40% achieve complete remission with antidepressants and psychotherapy (Madison & Eitan, 2020). |
| Bipolar disorder (BD) |
Lifetime: 2.6% (Kessler et al., 2005) Canada: 0.87% (McDonald et al., 2015) United States: 2.6% (Kessler et al., 2015) Europe: 1% (Pini et al., 2005) |
Female ≈ Male |
Alternating episodes of mania and hypomania Hyperactivity Unrealistically confident Happiness Decreased sleep Reckless behavior |
Treatment resistance is common in BD (Gitlin, 2006) No consensus on specific rates (Hidalgo‐Mazzei et al., 2019) |
Lifetime prevalence. Twelve‐month prevalence data are not available.