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. 2021 Jul 28;42(3):338–347. doi: 10.1002/pd.6019

TABLE 3.

Stomach position at US3 and postnatal outcomes

Stomach position p Value
Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3 Grade 4
US3 n = 19* n = 26 n = 45 a n = 8 a
PH‐treated 4 (21) 16 (62) 16 (36) 8 (100) <0.001
PH‐echocardiogram 11 (56) 20 (77) 34 (76) 7 (88) 0.116
CLD b 3 (16) 20 (77) 23 (51) 5 (63) <0.001
ECMO 0 (0) 9 (35) 7 (16) 7 (88) <0.001
Postnatal liver position: Up 1 (5) 6 (23) 24 (53) 5 (63) <0.001
Mode of surgery: Laparotomy 3 (16) 16 (62) 29 (64) 6 (75) <0.001
Defect size <0.001
A 6 (32) 0 (0) 3 (7) 0 (0)
B 7 (37) 8 (31) 11 (24) 0 (0)
C 5 (26) 16 (62) 27 (60) 4 (50)
D 0 (0) 2 (8) 3 (7) 2 (25)
Not operated 1 (5) 0 (0) 1 (2) 2 (25)
Use of patch 8 (42) 24 (92) 37 (82) 6 (75) 0.001
Duration TPN (days) 9 (7–12) 20 (14–35) 14 (11–22) 16 (10–42) 0.138
Duration TF (days) 25 (12–48) 116 (38–842) 47 (17–188) 33 (11–393) 0.984
ICU stay (days) 9 (6–25) 30 (19–58) 19 (10–37) 33 (11–97) 0.117
Total hospital stay (days) 20 (13–38) 47 (34–71) 34 (21–53) 33 (11–100) 0.509
Survival >28 days 18 (95) 24 (92) 42 (93) 5 (63) 0.083
Survival >1 year 18 (95) 21 (81) 39 (87) 2 (25) 0.001

Note: Data are presented as numbers (% of group total) or median (IQR), p values represent the association (by use of the χ 2 or Fisher exact tests for nominal, Kruskal–Wallis H test for ordinal or Jonckheere–Terpstra test for continuous variables), bold type indicates statistical significance. Defect size was classified according to Lally et al. 21 with “A” being defects entirely surrounded by muscle, “B” defects having a small (<50%), and “C” defects having a large (>50%) portion of the chest wall devoid of diaphragm tissue, and “D” patients having complete or near complete absence of the left diaphragm.

Abbreviations: CLD, chronic lung disease; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; ICU, intensive care unit; IQR, interquartile range; PH, pulmonary hypertension; TF, tube feeding; TPN, total parenteral nutrition.

a

Missing cases due to death before operation.

b

CLD in surviving infants (≥28 days).