TABLE 3.
Stomach position at US3 and postnatal outcomes
| Stomach position | p Value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Grade 1 | Grade 2 | Grade 3 | Grade 4 | ||
| US3 | n = 19* | n = 26 | n = 45 a | n = 8 a | |
| PH‐treated | 4 (21) | 16 (62) | 16 (36) | 8 (100) | <0.001 |
| PH‐echocardiogram | 11 (56) | 20 (77) | 34 (76) | 7 (88) | 0.116 |
| CLD b | 3 (16) | 20 (77) | 23 (51) | 5 (63) | <0.001 |
| ECMO | 0 (0) | 9 (35) | 7 (16) | 7 (88) | <0.001 |
| Postnatal liver position: Up | 1 (5) | 6 (23) | 24 (53) | 5 (63) | <0.001 |
| Mode of surgery: Laparotomy | 3 (16) | 16 (62) | 29 (64) | 6 (75) | <0.001 |
| Defect size | <0.001 | ||||
| A | 6 (32) | 0 (0) | 3 (7) | 0 (0) | |
| B | 7 (37) | 8 (31) | 11 (24) | 0 (0) | |
| C | 5 (26) | 16 (62) | 27 (60) | 4 (50) | |
| D | 0 (0) | 2 (8) | 3 (7) | 2 (25) | |
| Not operated | 1 (5) | 0 (0) | 1 (2) | 2 (25) | |
| Use of patch | 8 (42) | 24 (92) | 37 (82) | 6 (75) | 0.001 |
| Duration TPN (days) | 9 (7–12) | 20 (14–35) | 14 (11–22) | 16 (10–42) | 0.138 |
| Duration TF (days) | 25 (12–48) | 116 (38–842) | 47 (17–188) | 33 (11–393) | 0.984 |
| ICU stay (days) | 9 (6–25) | 30 (19–58) | 19 (10–37) | 33 (11–97) | 0.117 |
| Total hospital stay (days) | 20 (13–38) | 47 (34–71) | 34 (21–53) | 33 (11–100) | 0.509 |
| Survival >28 days | 18 (95) | 24 (92) | 42 (93) | 5 (63) | 0.083 |
| Survival >1 year | 18 (95) | 21 (81) | 39 (87) | 2 (25) | 0.001 |
Note: Data are presented as numbers (% of group total) or median (IQR), p values represent the association (by use of the χ 2 or Fisher exact tests for nominal, Kruskal–Wallis H test for ordinal or Jonckheere–Terpstra test for continuous variables), bold type indicates statistical significance. Defect size was classified according to Lally et al. 21 with “A” being defects entirely surrounded by muscle, “B” defects having a small (<50%), and “C” defects having a large (>50%) portion of the chest wall devoid of diaphragm tissue, and “D” patients having complete or near complete absence of the left diaphragm.
Abbreviations: CLD, chronic lung disease; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; ICU, intensive care unit; IQR, interquartile range; PH, pulmonary hypertension; TF, tube feeding; TPN, total parenteral nutrition.
Missing cases due to death before operation.
CLD in surviving infants (≥28 days).