FIGURE 1.

Identification of inflammation in human gingival tissues. (A) GCF was collected from eight subjects in the control group and nine in the periodontitis group. The volume of GCF was measured using a Periotron 8000 and the measured values were converted to actual amounts (μL) using a standard curve. (B) The protein levels of IL‐6, TNF‐α, COX‐2, and ICAM‐1 were determined in the gingival tissues of patients with periodontitis by Western blot analysis, using β‐actin as the internal control (control = 6, periodontitis = 6). Each protein was quantitated by densitometry and normalized to β‐actin. COX‐2, cyclooxygenase‐2; GCF, gingival crevicular fluid; ICAM‐1, intercellular adhesion molecule‐1; IL‐6, interleukin‐6; TNF‐α, tumor necrosis factor‐α. *p < 0.05 vs. control