FIGURE 1.

Colony locations where environmental perturbations to emperor penguin breeding sites have been recorded in the satellite record. These include early sea ice loss, before mid‐December, which will result in chick loss and sometimes, total breeding failure. In one case, Ledda Bay, #47, ice loss is a regular occurrence and breeding is intermittent at this site. A further type of perturbation is glacial calving, which will lead to colony relocation and, sometimes, total breeding failure (Mertz Glacier, #36). Finally, relocation of the colony onto ice shelves will often happen when sea ice does not form at the beginning of the breeding season, or breaks up during the season. Breeding on ice shelves is presumed to take more energy, be more exposed to wind and have a cost to reproductive success. Colony locations are taken from Fretwell and Trathan (2021)