Table 4.
Outcomes of matched “COVID-19 + Flu” and “COVID-19 monoinfection” cohorts at the Mayo Clinic. The first cohort “Matched COVID-19 + Flu” includes all individuals with a confirmed coinfection of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza within 14 days along with at least 30 days of follow-up data. The second cohort “Matched COVID-19 monoinfection” includes all individuals who were selected as matched controls for the first cohort via propensity score matching with exact matching on the time period of infection (see Methods). Eligible matches for the second cohort include all individuals with a confirmed SARS-CoV-2 monoinfection (i.e. no coinfection with influenza) with at least 30 days of follow-up data. *** implies significant value.
| impOutcome | Matched COVID-19 + Flu cohort case count (%) | Matched COVID-19 monoinfection cohort case count (%) | Relative risk (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total number of cases | 115 | 115 | |
| Outcomes from structured data (within 30 days of COVID-19 diagnosis) | |||
| - Hospitalization | 1 (0.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | Undefined |
| - ICU admission | 1 (0.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | Undefined |
| - Death | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | NA |
| Outcomes from clinical notes (within 30 days of COVID-19 diagnosis) | |||
| - Altered/diminished sense of taste or smell | 2 (1.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | Undefined |
| - Chest pain/pressure | 6 (5.2%) | 3 (2.6%) | 0.52, 6.64] |
| - Congestion | 19 (16.5%) | 5 (4.3%) | 1.43, 8.81]*** |
| - Conjunctivitis | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | NA |
| - Cough | 31 (27.0%) | 10 (8.7%) | 1.57, 5.74]*** |
| - Dermatitis | 3 (2.6%) | 2 (1.7%) | 1.50 [0.28, 6.95] |
| - Diaphoresis | 4 (3.5%) | 1 (0.9%) | 4.00 [0.48, 18.70] |
| - Diarrhea | 9 (7.8%) | 6 (5.2%) | 1.50 [0.56, 3.83] |
| - Dry mouth | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | NA |
| - Fatigue | 15 (13.0%) | 8 (7.0%) | 1.88 [0.82, 4.04] |
| - Fever/chills | 28 (24.3%) | 10 (8.7%) | 2.80 [1.40, 5.25]*** |
| - Headache | 21 (18.3%) | 5 (4.3%) | 4.20 [1.59, 9.62]*** |
| - Hemoptysis | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | NA |
| - Myalgia/arthralgia | 21 (18.3%) | 5 (4.3%) | 4.20 [1.59, 9.62]*** |
| - Otitis | 1 (0.9%) | 1 (0.9%) | 1.00 [0.11, 9.47] |
| - Pharyngitis | 15 (13.0%) | 5 (4.3%) | 3.00 [1.10, 7.20]*** |
| - Productive cough | 4 (3.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | Undefined |
| Respiratory difficulty | 12 (10.4%) | 9 (7.8%) | 0.59, 2.94] |
| - Rhinitis | 13 (11.3%) | 3 (2.6%) | 4.33 [1.22, 12.15]*** |
| - Wheezing | 3 (2.6%) | 3 (2.6%) | 1.00 [0.23, 4.30] |