Urinary peptides in heart failure (HF). (A) Volcano plot showing sequenced peptides identified between patients with HF and matched controls. Directionality of the difference, magnitude as well as significance level [Benjamini–Hochberg (BH) adjusted P‐value] are displayed. Discrimination between collagen and non‐collagen‐derived peptides is provided. Peptides originated from proteins for which at least 10 significant peptides were identified (P < 0.05, BH adjusted) when comparing all patients with HF and controls are colour‐coded. (B) Segregation of all study participants into two classes based on consensus clustering. (C) Graphical representation of the separation of the study participants using principal component analysis. Principal component analysis was performed based on sequenced peptides detected in 30% of samples (independent of the significance level), for which abundances were transformed to ranks. COL1A1, collagen alpha‐1(I) chain; COL1A2, collagen alpha‐2(I) chain; COL2A1, collagen alpha‐1(II) chain; COL3A1, collagen alpha‐1(III) chain; FGA, fibrinogen alpha chain; HFmrEF, heart failure with mid‐range ejection fraction; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; UMOD, uromodulin.