Table 1.
Characteristics of the matched patients
| Characteristics | HF vs. Controls | HFrEF vs. Controls | HFmrEF vs. Controls | HFpEF vs. Controls | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HF (n = 773) | Controls (n = 773) | P‐value | HFrEF (n = 442) | Controls (n = 442) | P‐value | HFmrEF (n = 144) | Controls (n = 144) | P‐value | HFpEF (n = 187) | Controls (n = 187) | P‐value | |
| Age (years) | 71.00 [64.00–77.00] | 71.00 [65.00–76.00] | 0.8956 | 71.00 [64.00–77.00] | 72.00 [64.00–77.00] | 0.9184 | 68.00 [62.00–72.00] | 68.00 [64.00–72.00] | 0.8136 | 73.00 [68.00–78.00] | 73.00 [68.00–76.75] | 0.7908 |
| Female sex, n (%) | 257 (33.2) | 257 (33.2) | 0.9569 | 128 (29.0) | 126 (28.5) | 0.9408 | 43 (29.9) | 47 (32.6) | 0.7029 | 86 (46.0) | 84 (44.9) | 0.9173 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 133.00 [120.00–150.00] | 136.00 [123.00–148.00] | 0.0637 | 131.00 [116.00–144.00] | 132.00 [121.00–146.00] | 0.0565 | 137.00 [126.00–153.00] | 138.50 [127.00–147.00] | 0.2869 | 135.00 [121.25–154.00] | 139.0000 [127.25–151.75] | 0.0632 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 74.00 [66.00–82.00] | 75.00 [69.00–81.00] | 0.1357 | 73.00 [65.00–82.00] | 75.00 [69.00–81.00] | 0.1562 | 78.00 [70.00–84.50] | 76.00 [70.00–83.50] | 0.6028 | 70.00 [64.00–82.00] | 75.00 [68.00–80.00] | 0.1332 |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 71.00 [60.00–82.00] | 65.00 [58.00–73.00] | < 0.0001 | 71.00 [60.00–82.00] | 64.00 [59.00–72.50] | < 0.0001 | 71.00 [61.00–80.00] | 66.00 [58.00–75.00] | 0.0158 | 70.00 [60.00–80.00] | 65.00 [58.00–73.00] | 0.0014 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 28.54 [24.85–32.96] | 27.10 [24.56–29.89] | < 0.0001 | 27.60 [23.85–31.24] | 27.25 [24.93–29.87] | 0.7036 | 29.31 [25.74–35.85] | 26.88 [24.55–29.47] | 0.0001 | 31.01 [27.05–35.78] | 26.64 [23.91–30.54] | < 0.0001 |
| eGFR a (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 64.02 [47.68–81.33] | 67.23 [47.95–83.92] | 0.3170 | 63.70 [45.83–80.47] | 66.17 [42.46–82.27] | 0.9964 | 69.17 [54.40–88.77] | 75.77 [59.50–89.94] | 0.1570 | 61.79 [47.87–77.55] | 65.72 [46.39–80.42] | 0.4979 |
| Clinical features of HF | ||||||||||||
| EF (%) | 38.00 [30.00–48.00] | 68.00 [62.00–72.77] | < 0.0001 | 31.00 [25.00–35.00] | 68.00 [62.00–72.00] | < 0.0001 | 43.00 [41.00–46.00] | 68.00 [62.35–73.98] | < 0.0001 | 56.00 [53.00–62.00] | 68.00 [64.00–73.00] | < 0.0001 |
| NT‐proBNP (pg/mL) | 806.50 [389.00–1785.50] | 144.91 [75.45–211.89] | < 0.0001 | 1140.55 [479.00–2496.75] | 141.70 [68.13–203.95] | < 0.0001 | 478.20 [276.75–860.25] | 132.72 [75.81–216.36] | < 0.0001 | 692.00 [330.00–1166.75] | 170.00 [115.00–221.00] | < 0.0001 |
| BNP (pg/mL) | 397.00 [186.75–819.25] | 31.00 [19.00–47.00] | < 0.0001 | 505.50 [230.00–1052.00] | 28.50 [18.65–48.00] | < 0.0001 | 212.00 [116.00–426.25] | 24.00 [13.50–49.45] | < 0.0001 | 336.00 [154.00–524.50] | 33.50 [24.75–47.25] | < 0.0001 |
| NYHA functional class, n (%) | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | ||||||||
| 0 | 6 (0.8) | 505 (65.3) | 5 (1.1) | 283 (64.0) | 1 (0.7) | 107 (74.3) | 0 (0.0) | 115 (61.5) | ||||
| I | 128 (16.6) | 67 (8.7) | 57 (12.9) | 37 (8.4) | 30 (20.8) | 12 (8.3) | 41 (21.9) | 18 (9.6) | ||||
| II | 420 (54.3) | 4 (0.5) | 220 (49.8) | 4 (0.9) | 95 (66.0) | 0 (0.0) | 105 (56.1) | 0 (0.0) | ||||
| III | 197 (25.5) | 0 (0.0) | 143 (32.4) | 0 (0.0) | 17 (11.8) | 0 (0.0) | 37 (19.8) | 0 (0.0) | ||||
| IV | 22 (2.8) | 0 (0.0) | 17 (3.9) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (2.1) | 0 (0.0) | ||||
| Unknown | 0 (0.0) | 197 (25.5) | 0 (0.0) | 118 (26.7) | 0 (0.0) | 25 (17.4) | 0 (0.0) | 54 (28.9) | ||||
| Medical history, n (%) | ||||||||||||
| Hypertension | 507 (65.6) | 508 (65.7) | 1.0000 | 294 (66.5) | 295 (66.7) | 1.0000 | 100 (69.4) | 95 (66.0) | 0.6142 | 113 (60.4) | 118 (63.1) | 0.6704 |
| Diabetes | 263 (34.0) | 253 (32.7) | 0.6274 | 138 (31.2) | 133 (30.1) | 0.7704 | 48 (33.3) | 48 (33.3) | 0.9005 | 77 (41.2) | 72 (38.5) | 0.6727 |
| CAD | 382 (49.4) | 78 (10.1) | < 0.0001 | 238 (53.8) | 42 (9.5) | < 0.0001 | 66 (45.8) | 13 (9.0) | 0.0001 | 78 (41.7) | 23 (12.3) | < 0.0001 |
| CKD b | 339 (43.9) | 335 (43.3) | 0.8777 | 198 (44.8) | 197 (44.6) | 1.0000 | 54 (37.5) | 54 (37.5) | 0.9031 | 87 (46.5) | 84 (44.9) | 0.8355 |
Values are presented as median [interquartile range] or n (%).
Mann–Whitney test was used for continuous variables, while Chi‐squared test was applied for categorical variables. Bold indicates P < 0.05.
BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; CAD, coronary artery disease; CKD, chronic kidney disease; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; EF, ejection fraction; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HF, heart failure; HFmrEF, heart failure with mid‐range ejection fraction; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; NT‐proBNP, N‐terminal prohormone of B‐type natriuretic peptide; NYHA, New York Heart Association; SBP, systolic blood pressure.
eGFR was estimated based on the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD‐EPI) equation.
CKD was defined based on clinical diagnosis and/or kidney function (eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2).