TABLE A2.

Test of balance (as‐randomized sample)

	Control		Treatment		p‐value
	Mean	sd	Mean	sd
Age	24.78	5.81	24.94	6.00	0.39
Married	0.95	0.22	0.95	0.22	0.62
Religion is islam	0.81	0.39	0.82	0.39	0.89
Hausa or Fulani ethnicity	0.74	0.44	0.76	0.43	0.42
Education
No schooling	0.28	0.45	0.30	0.46	0.64
Islamic school	0.44	0.50	0.42	0.49	0.23
Primary school	0.07	0.26	0.07	0.26	0.76
Secondary school	0.19	0.39	0.19	0.39	0.31
Tertiary school	0.02	0.12	0.02	0.13	0.28
Worked in last 12 months	0.46	0.50	0.45	0.50	0.83
Owns mobile phone	0.14	0.34	0.14	0.35	0.17
Partner makes health decisions	0.68	0.46	0.72	0.45	0.18
Number of prior births	1.96	1.88	2.01	1.98	0.89
Number of living children	1.80	1.75	1.82	1.78	0.73
First‐time mother	0.24	0.43	0.25	0.43	0.14
Previous stillbirth	0.03	0.18	0.04	0.19	0.25
Household characteristics
Polygamous household	0.31	0.46	0.30	0.46	0.23
Household size	5.84	4.47	5.88	8.92	0.96
Number of bedrooms	2.27	1.38	2.24	1.35	0.54
Connected to power grid	0.51	0.50	0.44	0.50	0.08
Number of assets (out of 11)	2.10	1.75	2.11	1.71	0.46
N	4237	–	4341	–	–

Note: Table A2 shows means, standard deviations (sd), and tests of balance for the as‐randomized sample. p‐values are from randomized permutation tests based on 5000 draws from the distribution of the treatment effect estimate under the sharp null hypothesis of a zero treatment effect. The treatment group was offered a conditional cash incentive of $14 paid out if the pregnant women attended three prenatal visits, gave birth in a health facility and attended a postnatal visit. The sample includes women in four of the five states where the randomization protocol was followed.