TABLE A5.

Instrumental Variable Analysis: Health care utilization and PPD

	(1)	(2)
Used health care	−0.055**(0.027)	−0.058**(0.027)
Controls	No	Yes
Observations	7285	7285
First‐stage F‐statistic	146.053	154.922

Note: The results are from an IV model in which I instrument health care utilization (= 1 if a woman used prenatal and delivery care) with the randomized treatment indicator (=1 if the woman was offered the incentive). The dependent variable is an indicator for women that scored 13 or higher on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. A score of $\ge 13$ identifies women at risk for major depression. Controls include age, schooling, ethnicity, indicators for a prior stillbirth or miscarriage, and number of prior births, an indicator for a multiple pregnancy, a dummy for households where the man is the sole decision maker, ownership of household assets, and an indicator for a household electricity connection. Cluster‐robust standard errors in parentheses. *p < 0.1, **p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01”.