Figure 1. Increased Vδ1⁺ γδ T cells frequencies in Malian subjects exposed to P. falciparum infection.

In age and gender matched Malian (n=23) or Australian subjects (n=20): A. Frequencies of total γδ, Vγ9/Vδ2⁺ and Vδ1⁺ T cells within CD3⁺ T cells, B. Frequencies of Vγ9/Vδ2⁺ and Vδ1⁺ T cells in total CD3⁺ T cells, C. Frequencies of CD27^lo CX₃CR1⁺ cells within Vδ1⁺ or CD27⁺ CD28⁺ cells within Vγ9/Vδ2⁺ T cells, D. Frequencies of perforin⁺, E. Gzm A +, F. Gzm B⁺ cells within Vδ1⁺ or Vγ9/Vδ2⁺ T cells (D, E and F: Malian n=19 and Australian n=15). G. Schematic of samples and malaria exposure for Malian subjects included in the longitudinal arm of our study. Subjects are stratified based on presentation with a confirmed febrile malaria episode in all three years (n=4) or two febrile episodes (n=5), with either one episode in year 2 (n=3) or 3 (n=2). H. Frequencies of Vδ1⁺, Vγ9/Vδ2⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells in total CD3⁺ T cells during febrile malaria and 3–6 months following treatment over the 3-year seasonal transmission periods. Year 1 (n=9), Year 2 (n=7) and Year 3 (n=6). I. Frequencies of Vδ1⁺ and Vγ9/Vδ2⁺ T cells within CD3⁺ T cells over a 6-month period without a febrile malaria episode (n=5; 12 – 18 months, n=2, or 24 – 30 months, n=3). Bars show the mean and error bars indicate means ± SEM. Normality was tested using the Shapiro-Wilk test.; *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; ****P < 0.0001; p-values were determined by Mann-Whitney test (a - f) and Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test (h, i).