Table 4.
GRADE summary of findings table.
| Certainty assessment |
Summary of findings |
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Participants (studies) Follow-up |
Risk of bias | Inconsistency | Indirectness | Imprecision | Publication bias | Overall certainty of evidence | Study event rates (%) |
Relative effect (95% CI) |
Anticipated absolute effects |
||
| With control | With Beta-blocker | Risk with control | Risk difference with Beta-blocker | ||||||||
| Mortality (all) | |||||||||||
| 2103 (11 RCTs) | Not seriousa | Not serious | Not serious | Not serious | None | ⨁⨁⨁⨁ High |
157/1072 (14.6%) | 88/1031 (8.5%) | RR 0.65 (0.53 to 0.79) |
146 per 1 000 | 51 fewer per 1 000 (from 69 fewer to 31 fewer) |
| Short-term mortality (<14 days) | |||||||||||
| 1467 (5 RCTs) |
Not serious | Seriousb | Not serious | Not serious | None | ⨁⨁⨁◯ Moderate |
37/740 (5.0%) | 29/727 (4.0%) | RR 0.85 (0.45 to 1.60) |
50 per 1 000 | 8 fewer per 1 000 (from 28 fewer to 30 more) |
| Long-term mortality (>14 days) | |||||||||||
| 636 (6 RCTs) |
Not serious | Not serious | Not serious | Not serious | None | ⨁⨁⨁⨁ High |
120/332 (36.1%) | 59/304 (19.4%) | RR 0.60 (0.48 to 0.74) |
361 per 1 000 | 145 fewer per 1 000 (from 188 fewer to 94 fewer) |
| Heart rate 24 h (beats/min) | |||||||||||
| 426 (4 RCTs) |
Not serious | Seriousc | Not serious | Not serious | None | ⨁⨁⨁◯ Moderate |
– | MD 11.96 lower (20.86 lower to 3.06 lower) |
|||
| MAP 48 h (mmHg) | |||||||||||
| 210 (2 RCTs) |
Not serious | Not serious | Not serious | Not serious | None | ⨁⨁⨁⨁ High |
– | MD 1.66 higher (2.28 lower to 5.61 higher) |
|||
| MAP 72 h (mmHg) | |||||||||||
| 210 (2 RCTs) |
Not serious | Not serious | Not serious | Not serious | None | ⨁⨁⨁⨁ High |
– | MD 2.43 lower (6.62 lower to 1.75 higher) |
|||
| Vasopressor load 48 h (µkg/kg/min) | |||||||||||
| 210 (2 RCTs) |
Not serious | Not serious | Not serious | Not serious | None | ⨁⨁⨁⨁ High |
– | MD 0.02 higher (0.02 lower to 0.07 higher) |
|||
| Vasopressor load 72 h (µkg/kg/min) | |||||||||||
| 210 (2 RCTs) |
Not serious | Not serious | Not serious | Not serious | None | ⨁⨁⨁⨁ High |
– | MD 0 (0.04 lower to 0.03 higher) |
|||
CI: confidence interval; MD: mean difference; RR: risk ratio.
Explanations: aDespite most trials were considered having high overall-risk of bias, this outcome assessment was considered robust. bHeterogeneity: Tau2 = 0.16; Chi2 = 4.02, df = 2 (p = .13); I2 = 50%; cHeterogeneity: Tau2 = 73.81; Chi2 = 32.69, df = 3 (p < .00001); I2 = 91%.