TABLE 2.

Summary of results demonstrating pooled odds ratios in the main meta‐analysis, sensitivity analysis and subgroup meta‐analysis of associations between delirium and urinary tract infections in older adults

				Heterogenity			Egger's test
Type of analysis	N	OR (95% CI)	p value	Q	p value	I 2	t	p value
All studies 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56	29	2.67 (2.12–3.36)	<0.001	70.87	<0.001	60.49	2.95	0.007
After removing the study with the highest weight 34	28	2.77 (2.24–3.43)	<0.001	47.22	0.009	42.83	1.06	0.301
After removing one clear outlier 55	28	2.57 (2.06–3.20)	<0.001	63.07	<0.001	57.19	2.62	0.014
Studies in which participants with delirium were compared with non‐delirium controls 20 , 21 , 23 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55	26	2.62 (2.05–3.34)	<0.001	59.16	<0.001	57.74	2.81	0.010
Studies in which participants with UTI were compared with non‐UTI controls 22 , 39 , 56	3	3.07 (1.33–7.06)	0.008	10.29	0.006	80.56	1.03	0.490
Studies with a diagnosis of delirium based on DSM or ICD criteria 23 , 32 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 42 , 45 , 46 , 49 , 50 , 53 , 54 , 55	15	3.01 (2.25–4.01)	<0.001	22.82	0.063	38.64	2.75	0.017
Studies with a diagnosis of UTI based on microbiological urine tests 22 , 56	2	4.15 (1.32–13.05)	0.015	4.88	0.027	79.50	NA	NA
Studies conducted in the clinical setting 21 , 22 , 23 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 52 , 54 , 55 , 56	23	3.22 (2.37–4.37)	<0.001	63.94	<0.001	65.59	3.11	0.005
Studies conducted in nursing homes 20 , 47 , 51	3	1.64 (1.09–2.48)	0.018	2.14	0.343	6.60	0.52	0.696
Studies of population‐based samples 39 , 40	2	2.19 (1.52–3.14)	<0.001	1.19	0.276	15.90	NA	NA

Abbreviations: N, number of studies included in the analysis; NA, not applicable; OR, odds ratio; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval.