TABLE 2.

Outcomes of metformin users vs. matched nonusers in type 2 diabetes patients with compensated liver cirrhosis

	Metformin users			Metformin nonusers			Crude a		Adjusted model 1 b		Adjusted model 2 c
Outcomes	Events	Person‐y	Incidence rate	Events	Person‐y	Incidence rate	Hazard ratio (95% CI)	P value	Hazard ratio (95% CI)	P value	Hazard ratio (95% CI)	P value
All‐cause mortality	733	19 317	3.8%	666	19 893	3.3%	1.12 (1.01–1.25)	.03	1.13 (1.01–1.25)	.03	1.05 (0.96–1.14)	.28
Cirrhotic decompensation	854	14 567	5.9%	726	14 921	4.9%	1.16 (1.05–1.28)	.003	1.15 (1.04–1.27)	.006	1.24 (1.14–1.35)	<.001
Oesophageal varices	581	16 658	3.5%	471	17 004	2.8%	1.22 (1.08–1.38)	.002	1.18 (1.05–1.34)	.007	1.32 (1.19–1.47)	<.001
Hepatic ascites	472	16 747	2.8%	456	17 001	2.7%	1.02 (0.89–1.16)	.81	0.99 (0.87–1.13)	.91	1.12 (1.01–1.24)	.03
Hepatic encephalopathy	477	17 075	2.8%	472	17 474	2.7%	1.00 (0.88–1.14)	.95	0.99 (0.87–1.12)	.85	1.07 (0.97–1.19)	.18
HCC	471	15 022	3.1%	441	15 209	2.9%	1.06 (0.93–1.20)	.40	1.06 (0.93–1.21)	.40	1.08 (0.97–1.20)	.14
Hepatic failure	533	16 281	3.3%	488	16 543	2.9%	1.08 (0.95–1.22)	.23	1.07 (0.94–1.21)	.30	1.11 (1.01–1.23)	.04
Jaundice	97	18 179	0.5%	97	18 748	0.5%	0.99 (0.75–1.31)	.94	1.00 (0.76–1.33)	.98	1.03 (0.82–1.31)	.79
MACE	417	10 945	3.8%	396	11 266	3.5%	1.04 (0.91–1.19)	.56	1.07 (0.93–1.22)	.36	0.95 (0.86–1.06)	.37
Stroke	304	15 535	2.0%	276	15 764	1.8%	1.09 (0.92–1.28)	.32	1.10 (0.93–1.29)	.28	1.06 (0.93–1.20)	.38
Ischaemic heart disease	302	13 627	2.2%	286	14 062	2.0%	1.04 (0.89–1.23)	.61	1.04 (0.88–1.23)	.63	0.97 (0.86–1.10)	.64
Heart failure	151	17 010	0.9%	168	17 249	1.0%	0.88 (0.70–1.09)	.24	0.90 (0.72–1.12)	.33	0.89 (0.75–1.06)	.20
Hypoglycemia	31	19 034	0.2%	36	19 462	0.2%	0.84 (0.52–1.36)	.48	0.83 (0.51–1.35)	.44	0.89 (0.61–1.30)	.53
Metabolic acidosis	40	19 136	0.2%	38	19 328	0.2%	1.04 (0.67–1.62)	.86	1.05 (0.67–1.64)	.84	1.01 (0.72–1.42)	.97

CI, confidence interval; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; MACE, major adverse cardiac event, including stroke, ischaemic heart disease and heart failure.

^a Crude model: univariate analysis in the as‐treated model.

^b Adjusted model 1: as‐treated analysis adjusted for age, sex, diabetes mellitus duration (y), comorbid disorder (hepatitis B or C infection), chronic illness with complexity index (0, 1, ≥2), diabetes complications severity index score (0, 1, ≥2), antihypertensive drugs (angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, β‐blockers, calcium‐channel blockers, diuretics, other antihypertensives), glucose‐lowering medications (sulfonylureas, meglitinides, α‐glucosidase inhibitor, thiazolidinedione, sitagliptin, insulin), statin and aspirin.

^c Adjusted model 2: intention‐to‐treat model adjusted for age, sex, diabetes mellitus duration (y), comorbid disorder (hepatitis B or C infection), chronic illness with complexity index (0, 1, ≥2), diabetes complications severity index score (0, 1, ≥2), antihypertensive drugs (angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, β‐blockers, calcium‐channel blockers, diuretics, other antihypertensives), glucose‐lowering medications (sulfonylureas, meglitinides, α‐glucosidase inhibitor, thiazolidinedione, sitagliptin, insulin), statin, aspirin and inverse probability of censoring weight.