TABLE 8.
Types of sleep bruxism outcome variables based on frequency, duration and intensity of masticatory muscle activity
| First author & year | Frequency | Duration | Intensity |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abekura 2008 | Integrated EMG values/h (μV*s) | ||
| Ahlberg 2008 | Score based on events/recording | ||
| Baad‐Hansen 2007 | Events/h | EMG duration/h | EMG AUC/h |
| Baba 2005 | Total duration of muscle activity/h, averaged across the 5‐night study period | ||
| Čadová 2014 | Activity/h | Duration of activity (s) | Mean amplitude of contraction episode (%MVC) |
| Max amplitude of contraction episode (%MVC) | |||
| Integral under the signal curve of contraction episode (%MVC) (%MVC*s) | |||
| Camara‐Souza 2018 | Episodes/h | ||
| Carvalho Bortoletto 2016 | Score based on events/recording | ||
| Castro Mattia 2018 | Score based on events/recording | ||
| Castroflorio 2014 | Episodes/h | ||
| Episodes/ night | |||
| Castroflorio 2015 | Episodes/h | ||
| Episodes/ night | |||
| Clark 1981 | Activity/h | ||
| Clarke 1984 | Events/night | ||
| Clarke 1984 | Events/night | Duration of events | Intensity of bruxing as a factor of force and duration |
| Total n of seconds bruxing/night | |||
| Conti 2014 | EMG events/h | ||
| Deregibus 2014 | Episodes/h | ||
| Episodes/ night | |||
| Gallo 1997 | Number of episodes | ||
| Gallo 1999 | Episodes/h | Duration of episodes | Mean amplitudes of episodes |
| episodes/night | Intervals between episodes | Maximum amplitudes of episodes | |
| Integral (= muscle work, %MVC) | |||
| Haketa 2003 | Events/h | Event duration/h | |
| Events/night | Event duration/night | ||
| Event duration | |||
| Hammoudi 2019 | EMG grinds/hour | EMG burst duration | Intensity |
| EMG grinds total n | |||
| EMG episodes/h | |||
| EMG episodes total n | |||
| EMG bursts/h | |||
| EMG bursts total n | |||
| Harada 2006 | Events/h | % event duration/night | total EMG activity |
| Ikeda 1996 | Events/h | Mean EMG duration/ event | mean peak EMG level (%MVC) |
| Iwasaki 2015 | Duty factor, that is the amount of time each muscle was activated at specific magnitudes during a given time, % | ||
| Jadidi 2008 | SRA events | ||
| Jadidi 2013 | SRA events | ||
| Jonsgar 2015 | Episodes/h | Mean burst duration | |
| Episodes total n | |||
| Grinds/h | |||
| Grinds total n | |||
| Bursts/h | |||
| Bursts total n | |||
| Karakoulaki 2015 | Score based on events/recording | ||
| Kardachi 2017 | n of bruxing units | ||
| Kato 2018 | Cumulative duration of each episode | ||
| Cumulative duration of episodes/h | |||
| Khawaja 2015 | Duty factor for duration of muscle activity threshold | Duty factor for magnitude of muscle activity threshold | |
| Lee 2010 | Events/h | ||
| Maeda 2019 | Episodes/h | ||
| Bursts/h | |||
| Mainieri 2012 | Score based on events/recording | ||
| Manfredini 2011 | Events/recording | Total MMA duration (s)/recording | |
| Total MMA duration (s)/hour | Integrated EMG signal (μV x s)/recording | ||
| Manfredini 2016 | Episodes/h | integrated EMG signal (μV x s)/hour | |
| Manfredini 2018 | Episodes/h | ||
| Phasic sleep‐time masticatory muscle activity/h | |||
| Tonic sleep‐time masticatory muscle activity/h | |||
| Mixed sleep‐time masticatory muscle activity/h | |||
| Sleep‐time masticatory muscle activity total number | |||
| Manfredini 2019 | Episodes/h | ||
| Phasic sMMA events/h | |||
| Tonic sMMA events/h | |||
| Mixed sMMA events/h | |||
| Total sMMA events/night | |||
| Matsuda 2016 | Coefficient of variation of interval duration | n‐IEMG (integral values normalised by individual MVC) | |
| Coefficient of variation of burst duration | n‐RMS (root mean square normalised by individual MVC) | ||
| Coefficient of variation of cycle time | |||
| Interval duration | |||
| Burst duration | |||
| Matsumoto 2015 | Events/h | % event duration/night | total EMG activity |
| Minakuchi 2012 | Score based on events/recording | ||
| Minakuchi 2014 | Score based on events/recording | ||
| Minakuchi 2016 | Score based on events/recording | ||
| Miyawaki 2003 | Episodes/h | Episode duration | |
| Miyawaki 2004 | RMMA episodes/h | ||
| Short‐burst episode/h | |||
| Clenching episode/h | |||
| Other EMG episodes/h | |||
| Mizumori 2013 | Events/h | Event duration | |
| Events/night | |||
| Bursts/event | |||
| Mohamed 1997 | Cumulative EMG activity (μV.s) divided by the duration of sleep (min) | ||
| Mude 2017 | Phasic episodes/h | ||
| Tonic episodes/h | |||
| Mixed episodes/h | |||
| Murakami 2014 | Events/h | ||
| Events/night | |||
| Nagamatsu‐Sakaguchi 2017 | Score based on events/recording | ||
| Needham 2013 | Number of clenching/grinding episodes/week | ||
| Nitschke 2011 | Activity periods/h | Activity periods duration | Mean amplitudes (%MVC) |
| Activity periods/night | Max amplitudes (%MVC) | ||
| Time integral (%MVC) | |||
| Ohlmann 2018 | Episodes/h | ||
| Ohlmann 2020 | Episodes/h | ||
| Ono 2008 | Episodes/h | ||
| Episodes/night | |||
| Burst/episode | |||
| Bruxism/h | |||
| Palinkas 2019 | Score based on events/recording | ||
| Po 2013 | RMMA episode frequency (Hz) | Pooled RMMA episodes duration | |
| episodes/ night | |||
| Raphael 2013 | Events/ min | ||
| Rugh 1981 | Mean number of events | Mean duration of events | |
| Rugh 1984 | EMG units | ||
| Rugh 1989 | μV/sec | ||
| Saito‐Murakami 2020 | Events/recording | ||
| Sakagami 2002 | episodes/h | Total bruxism time/h | |
| Bruxism lasting time | |||
| Saueressig 2010 | Score based on events/ recording | ||
| Schmitter 2015 | Episodes/h | Burst duration | Intensity |
| Bursts/h | |||
| Shedden Mora 2012 | Rhythmic NMMA episodes/h | rhythmic NMMA episode duration/h | |
| EMG bursts/h | EMG bursts duration/h | ||
| Burst/episode | |||
| Shedden Mora 2013 | Bursts/h | Durations of bursts/h | |
| Shimada 2019 | Events/h | ||
| Shochat 2007 | Events/recording | ||
| Stock 1983 | n episodes | Duration (not further specified) | Severity (not further specified) |
| Stuginski‐Barbosa 2015 | Events/h | ||
| Total number of events | |||
| Coefficient of variation from the multiple night recordings (CV =SD/mean) | |||
| Suganuma 2007 | Episodes/h | ||
| Episodes/night | |||
| Burst/episode | |||
| Bruxism/h | |||
| Takaoka 2017 | Events/h | ||
| Thymi 2019 | Events/recording | ||
| Events/h | |||
| Coefficient of variation (CV = SD/mean) | |||
| Thymi 2020 | Episodes/h | Bruxism time index (% time bruxing/total sleep time) | |
| Wei 2017 | Clench episodes/h | Mean clench duration | Mean clench bite‐force |
| Clench episodes number | Clench‐related temporalis duty factor (sum of clench episode durations / total recording time) | ||
| Yachida 2012 | Events/h | ||
| Number of events | |||
| Night‐to‐night variability (CV = SD/mean) | |||
| Yamaguchi 2012 | Episodes/h | ||
| Episodes/night | |||
| Yamaguchi 2018 | Bursts/h | ||
| Zhou 2016 | Events/h | Intensity of the EMG (area under EMG curve) |
Abbreviation: AUC, area under the curve; CV, coefficient of variation; EMG, electromyographic; h, hour; MVC, maximum voluntary contraction; n, number; NMMA, nocturnal masticatory muscle activity; RMMA, rhythmic masticatory muscle activity; SD, standard deviation; sMMA, surface masticatory muscle activity; SRA, signal recognition analysis.