TABLE 1.
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress‐induced changes in astrocytes
| Factor | Increased (↑), decreased (↓), no change (—) | Method | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cytokines | |||
| IL‐1α/β | — | ELISA | (Meares et al., 2014) |
| IL‐6 | ↑ | ELISA and qPCR | (Guthrie et al., 2016; Meares et al., 2014; Sims & Meares, 2019) |
| IFN‐γ | — | ELISA | (Meares et al., 2014) |
| TNF‐α | — | ELISA | (Guthrie et al., 2016; Meares et al., 2014) |
| MCSF | ↑ | ELISA | (Meares et al., 2014) |
| LIF | ↑ | ELISA and qPCR | (Sanchez et al., 2019) |
| IL‐11 | ↑/— | qPCR/ELISA | (Sanchez et al., 2019) |
| OSM | ↑/— | qPCR/ELISA | (Guthrie et al., 2016; Sanchez et al., 2019; Sims & Meares, 2019) |
| Chemokines | |||
| CXCL1 | ↑ | ELISA and qPCR | (Meares et al., 2014; Sims & Meares, 2019) |
| CXCL9 | — | ELISA | (Meares et al., 2014) |
| CXCL10 | ↑ | ELISA and qPCR | (Meares et al., 2014; Smith et al., 2020) |
| CCL2 | ↑ | ELISA | (Guthrie et al., 2016; Meares et al., 2014; Sims & Meares, 2019) |
| CCL3 | ↑ | ELISA | (Meares et al., 2014) |
| CCL4 | ↑ | ELISA | (Meares et al., 2014) |
| CCL5 | — | ELISA | (Meares et al., 2014) |
| CCL11 | ↑ | ELISA | (Meares et al., 2014) |
| CCL20 | ↑ | qPCR | (Guthrie et al., 2016; Meares et al., 2014) |
| Growth factors/ECM proteins | |||
| VEGF | ↑ | ELISA | (Meares et al., 2014) |
| CNTF | ↓ | ELISA, qPCR | (Sanchez et al., 2019) |
| BDNF | — | RNAseq | (Sims & Meares, 2019) |
| GDNF | — | RNAseq | (Sims & Meares, 2019) |
| Collagen | ↓ | LC/MS | (Smith et al., 2020) |
| Fibronectin | ↓ | LC/MS | (Smith et al., 2020) |
| Glypican‐4 | ↓ | LC/MS | (Smith et al., 2020) |
| Complement | |||
| C1qa | ↓ | RNAseq | (Sims & Meares, 2019) |
| C3 | ↑ | qPCR/RNA scope | (Smith et al., 2020) |
| Serping1 | ↓ | qPCR | (Smith et al., 2020) |
| Gliosis markers | |||
| Vimentin | ↑ | qPCR | (Smith et al., 2020) |
| Lcn2 | ↑ | qPCR | (Smith et al., 2020) |
| Serpina3n | ↓ | qPCR | (Smith et al., 2020) |
| CD109 | ↓ | qPCR | (Smith et al., 2020) |
| Stress related | |||
| GADD45α | ↑ | qPCR | (Sims & Meares, 2019) |
| TRIB3 | ↑ | qPCR | (Guthrie et al., 2016; Sims & Meares, 2019) |
| ERO1B | ↑ | qPCR | (Sims & Meares, 2019) |
| ATF6 | ↑ | qPCR | (Sims & Meares, 2019) |
| ATF4 | ↑ | qPCR/immunoblot | (Sims & Meares, 2019; Smith et al., 2020) |
| CHOP (ddit3) | ↑ | Immunoblot | (Sims & Meares, 2019) |
| PERK | ↑ | qPCR | (Sims & Meares, 2019) |
| GADD34 | ↑ | Immunoblot | (Smith et al., 2020) |
| Lipoproteins | |||
| Apolipoprotein E | ↓ | LC/MS | (Smith et al., 2020) |
| Low density lipoprotein in receptor related protein 1 | ↓ | LC/MS | (Smith et al., 2020) |