. 2021 Aug 16;97(1):1–19. doi: 10.1111/brv.12788

Table 1.

Osteoderms reported in the literature for extant lizards

Taxon		Number of extant species ^a	Taxonomic distribution of osteoderms within the clade ^b	Key references
Dibamidae		25	Absent
Gekkota	Eublepharidae Gekkonidae Carphodactylidae Diplodactylidae Phyllodactylidae Sphaerodactylidae Pygopodidae	40 1356 32 155 151 228 46	Absent Rare (3 spp.; Gekko gecko, G. reevesii, Geckolepis maculata) Absent Absent Rare (at least 6 spp. of Tarentola) Absent Absent	Levrat‐Calviac & Zylberberg ( 1986 ); Levrat‐Calviac, Castanet & Zylberberg ( 1986 ); Vickaryous, Meldrum & Russell ( 2015 ); Paluh, Griffing & Bauer ( 2017 ); Scherz et al. ( 2017 ); Laver et al. ( 2020 ).
Scincoidea	Scincidae	1709	Common	Camp ( 1923 ); Oliver ( 1951 ); Paluh & Bauer ( 2017 ); Camaiti et al. ( 2019 )
	Gerrhosauridae	37	Common	Camp ( 1923 ); Nance ( 2007 )
	Cordylidae	70	Common	Broeckhoven, Diedericks & Le Fras Nortier Mouton ( 2015 ); Broeckhoven et al. ( 2018a )); Stanley ( 2016 )
	Xantusiidae	35	Common	Strahm & Schwartz ( 1977 )
Lacertoidea	Lacertidae	350	Uncommon	Estes, De Queiroz & Gauthier ( 1988 ); Arnold ( 1989 ); Arnold, Arribas & Carranza ( 2007 ); Barahona & Barbadillo ( 1998 ); Borsuk‐Białynicka, Lubka & Böhme ( 1999 ); Constantini & Dell'Omo ( 2010 )
	Amphisbaenia	201	Absent
	Teiidae	170	Absent
	Alopoglossidae	28	Absent
	Gymnophthalmidae	267	Absent
Toxifera	Iguania	1968	Rare (reported for only 2 spp.; Brookesia perarmata and Amblyrhynchus cristatus)	de Queiroz ( 1987 ); Schucht et al. ( 2020 )
	Helodermatidae	5	Common	Moss ( 1969 ); Maisano et al. ( 2019 ); Kirby et al. ( 2020 ); Iacoviello et al. ( 2020 )
	Xenosauridae Diploglossidae	12 51	Common Common	Hoffstetter ( 1962 ); Strahm & Schwartz ( 1977 ); Zylberberg & Castanet ( 1985 ); Good & Schwenk ( 1985 ); Bochaton et al. ( 2015 )
	Anniellidae Anguidae Shinisauridae Lanthanotidae Varanidae	6 85 1 1 83	Common Common Common Common Uncommon to rare	Bhullar & Bell ( 2008 ) Gao & Norell ( 1998 ); Bhullar ( 2011 ) Bever, Bell & Maisano ( 2005 ); Conrad, Head & Carrano ( 2014 ) McDowell & Bogert ( 1954 ); Maisano et al. ( 2002 , 2019 ) Erickson et al. ( 2003 ); Maisano et al. ( 2019 ); Kirby et al. ( 2020 )
	Serpentes	3789	Absent

^{^a}

Species numbers from Uetz, Freed & Hošek (2020).

^{^b}

Based on the literature, we estimated the proportion (% of species) within a clade that develop osteoderms: common, >50%; uncommon, 10–50%; rare, <10% (Fig. 1).