Table 2.
Summary of mechanical testing carried out on lizard osteoderms (ODs) and comparison species, to quantify their elastic modulus and load to failure under puncture testing. *Compression puncture test was carried out using the upper jaw of various mongoose species and load to failure (unit N) was reported.
| Specimen | E (GPa) | Testing method | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turtle shell | ||||
| Terrapene carolinensis | 18.3–24.8 | Nanoindentation | Rhee et al. ( 2009 ) | |
| Chelydra serpentina | 0.5–22.1 | Nanoindentation | Balani et al. ( 2011 ) | |
| Terrapene carolina | 0.4–1.01 | Compression | Damiens et al. ( 2012 ) | |
| Trachemys scripta | 0.9–1.7 | Compression | Zhang et al. ( 2012 ) | |
| Trachemys scripta | 0.7–16.5 | Nanoindentation | Achrai & Wagner ( 2013 ) | |
| Dermochelys coriacea | 0.8–1.8 | Compression | Chen et al. ( 2015 ) | |
| Centrochelys sulcata | 3.2–5.5 | Nanoindentation | Jongpairojcosit & Jearanaisilawong ( 2017 ) | |
| Armadillo | 0.1– 0.4 | Tensile | Chen et al. ( 2011 ) | |
| Dasypus novemcinctus | 1.3–4.6 | Microindentation | Rhee et al. ( 2011 ) | |
| Alligator | 0.9–1.2 | Compression | Sun & Chen ( 2013 ) | |
| Alligator mississipiensis | 1.4–20 | Nanoindentation | ||
| 2.2–5.7 | Compression | Chen et al. ( 2014 ) | ||
| Cordylidae* | ||||
| Ouroborus cataphractus | 63.7–79.5 (N) | |||
| Karusasaurus polyzonus | 18.7–25.6 (N) | Compression on sheet of ODs | Broeckhoven et al. ( 2015 ) | |
| Namazonurus peersi | 14.4–19.0 (N) | |||
| Cordylus macropholis | 18.7–27.0 (N) | |||
| Cordylus cordylus | 14.8–21.9 (N) | |||
| Cordylidae | ||||
| Ouroborus* cataphractus | 75.7 ± 23.5 (N) | Compression | Broeckhoven et al. ( 2017b ) | |
| Smaug* giganteus | 110.4 ± 12.4 (N) | |||
| Heloderma suspectum | 2.7–19.1 | Atomic force microscopy on single OD | Iacoviello et al. ( 2020 ) | |