Table 1.
Group characteristics in, and univariate group differences between children with and without a tic onset in baseline measures
|
Total sample (n = 187) |
Tic onset baseline (n = 61) |
No tic onset baseline (n = 126) | Test statistic (tic onset vs no tic onset) | Δ tic onset – baseline2 | Δ last visit (no tic onset) – baseline3 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male sex, n (%) | 86 (46.0) | 36 (59.0) | 50 (39.7) | χ 2 = 6.19a* | ‐ | |
|
Age years at baseline, M (SD), range |
7.43 (1.89) 3.21–10.93 |
6.71 (1.85) 3.21–10.39 |
7.74 (1.83) 4.12–10.93 |
U = 2529.50b** | 0.92 (0.70) | 2.27 (1.44) |
|
Age years at tic onset, M (SD), range |
‐ |
7.93 (2.00) 3.52–13.00 |
‐ | ‐ | ||
| Caucasian ethnicity, n (%) | 149 (79.7) | 49 (80.3) | 100 (79.4) | χ 2 = 0.02a | ‐ | ‐ |
| Regular education, n (%) | 167 (89.3) | 49 (80.3) | 118 (93.7) | χ 2 = 0.41a | ‐ | ‐ |
|
Parental education level, M (SD), range |
4.17 (1.07) (1.50–6.00) |
4.21 (1.00) (1.50–6.00) |
4.15 (1.11) (1.50–6.00) |
T(182) = −0.35c | ‐ | ‐ |
| OCD symptom severity | ||||||
| Obsessions, M (SD) | 0.63 (2.34) | 0.52 (2.29) | 0.67 (2.34) | T(185) = 0.41c | 0.78 (3.12) | 0.12 (0.80) |
| Compulsions, M (SD) | 0.59 (2.34) | 0.92 (2.29) | 0.44 (1.94) | T(198) = −1.34c | 0.12 (4.10) | 0.66 (2.51) |
| ADHD symptom severity | ||||||
| Inattention, M (SD) | 5.28 (6.30) | 5.73 (6.79) | 5.07 (6.07) | T(198) = −0.66c | 1.85 (4.91) | −0.39 (4.06) |
| Hyperactivity ‐impulsivity, M (SD) | 5.03 (6.11) | 6.48 (6.87) | 4.33 (5.61) | T(198) = −2.28c* | 1.49 (4.00) | −0.36 (3.49) |
| ODD symptom severity | 4.07 (5.00) | 5.19 (5.72) | 3.52 (4.53) | T(198) = −2.18c* | 1.49 (3.12) | 0.62 (3.21) |
|
ASD symptom severity1, M (SD) |
3.60 (6.25) | 5.24 (8.97) | 2.81 (4.19) | T(198) = −2.53c* | ‐ | |
| SDQ symptom severity | ||||||
|
Emotional problems, M (SD) |
1.82 (2.09) | 2.18 (2.29) | 1.64 (1.97) | T(198) = −1.67c | 0.52 (2.09) | 0.02 (1.96) |
|
Conduct problems, M (SD) |
1.37 (1.56) | 1.89 (1.63) | 1.13 (1.46) | T(198) = −3.20c* | 0.24 (1.39) | −0.17 (1.45) |
| HR‐QoL, M (SD) | 79.07 (9.35) | 77.54 (9.42) | 79.69 (9.25) | T(198) = 1.48c | −0.86 (9.68) | −0.77 (9.70) |
| OCD1, n (%) | 5 (2.7) | 2 (3.3) | 3 (2.4) | χ 2 = 4.10a | ‐ | |
| ADHD1, n (%) | 21 (11.2) | 7 (11.5) | 14 (11.1) | χ 2 = 0.01a | ‐ | |
Ethnicity measured as Caucasian or other; Regular education measured as regular education primary school or special education primary school; Parental education level measured as the average highest education level of both parents, with 1 = under 7 years of schooling to 6 = post‐graduate/graduate/professional degree; OCD (obsessive‐compulsive disorder) severity assessed by the Children’s Yale‐Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Scahill et al., 1997); ADHD (attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder and ODD (oppositional defiant disorder) symptom severity by the parent‐rated Swanson Nolan and Pelham‐IV rating scale (SNAP‐IV [Swanson et al., 2001]); ASD (autism spectrum disorder) symptom severity by the Autism Spectrum Screening Questionnaire (Ehlers et al., 1999); Severity of emotional problems and conduct problems by the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (Goodman et al., 2000); HR‐QoL (Health‐Related Quality of Life) by the KINDL‐R (Ravens‐Sieberer & Bullinger, 1998). A diagnosis of comorbid OCD and ADHD was assigned by a trained study clinician according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition, Text Revision (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). Between‐group differences were tested by aa Pearson's chi‐squared test, ba Mann‐Whitney U test, and can independent t‐test; *p < .05, **p < .001; Δ = delta, indicating change; 1 Assessed only at baseline, 2 n = 49 participants with a complete tic onset visit during the study; 3 n = 57 participants with a complete final non‐tic onset visit during the study.