Table 2.
Characteristics of interventions of included studies (n = 9)
| Study(year) | Intervention types | Intervention methods | Frequency, duration of intervention | Intervention format | Follow‐ups | Measures/Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Moyle et al. (2013) | IG: companion robot intervention CG: reading | Activities around the concepts of discovery, engaging an emotional response, social interaction in the group through discussion about PARO, and touching PARO | 3 times per week 45 min per session 5 weeks | Group | Baseline, 5 weeks, 10 weeks | QOL‐AD/RAID/AES/ GDS/AWS/OERS |
| Robinson et al. (2013) | IG: companion robot intervention CG: bus trips, crafts, movies, bingo, and other alternative activities | Discussion groups were held, and all residents had a chance to interact with the robot | 2 weekday afternoon for 12 weeks | Group | Baseline, 12 weeks | UCLA loneliness scale (version 3)/GDS/QOL‐AD/behavior |
| Jøranson et al. (2015) | IG:robot‐assisted intervention CG: treatment as usual | A protocol for the Paro program: interact with Paro | 30 min per session, twice a week, 12 weeks | Group | Baseline, 12 weeks, 6 months | BARS/CSDD |
| Soler et al. (2015) | IG: animal‐shaped robot therapy CG: conventional therapy | Identifying numbers, words, and colors using flash cards and several other activities | 2 days a week for 3 months | Group | Baseline, 3 months | GDS/MMSE/sMMSE/NPI/ APADEM‐NH/QUALID |
| Jøranson et al. (2016) | IG: companion robot intervention CG: usual care | Paro‐activity protocol | 30 min per session, twice a week, 12 weeks | Group | Baseline, 12 weeks, 6 months | EARS/CDR/QUALID/medical uses |
| Liang et al. (2017) | IG: companion robot intervention CG: standard activities | INTERACT with Paro, such as stroking Paro's flippers | 30 min per session, 2–3 times a week, 6 weeks | Group | Baseline, 6 weeks | Agitated behavior/facial expressions/social interactions/Addenbrooke's cognitive examination/CMAI‐SF/NPI‐Q/CSDD/blood pressure/salivary cortisol/hair cortisol |
| Moyle et al. (2017) | IG: Paro intervention CG: usual care TG: Plush toy intervention | Participants interacted with PARO as they like | 15 min per session, 3 times per week, 10 weeks | Individual | Baseline, 1 week, 5 weeks, 10 weeks, 15 weeks | CMAI‐SF/engagement/mood states/agitation |
| Petersen et al. (2017) | IG: PARO treatment CG: standard care, which includes music, physical activity, and mental stimulation | Interactions with PARO | 20 min per day, 3 days per week, 3 months | Group | Baseline, 3 months | RAID/CSDD/GDS/GSR/pulse oximeter/pulse rate |
| Moyle et al. (2018) | IG: Paro intervention CG: usual care TG: Plush toy intervention | Participants interacted with PARO as they like | 15 min per session, 3 times per week, 10 weeks | Individual | Baseline, 5 weeks, 10 weeks, 15 weeks | Motor activity/sleep patterns |
Abbreviations: AES, Apathy Evaluation Scale; APADEM‐NH, Apathy Scale for Institutionalized Patients with Dementia Nursing Home version; AWS, Revised Wandering Scale; BARS, Brief Agitation Rating Scale; CG, control group; CMAI‐SF, Cohen‐Mansfield Agitation Inventory‐Short Form; CSDD, Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale; IG, intervention group; MMSE, Mini Mental State Examination; NPI, Neuropsychiatric Inventory; NPI‐Q, Neuropsychiatric Inventory Brief Questionnaire Form; QOL‐AD, Quality of Life in Alzheimer's Disease scale; RAID, Rating Anxiety in Dementia Scale; QUALID, Quality of life in Late‐Stage Dementia scale; TG, toy group; .