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. 2021 Jul 3;96(6):2716–2734. doi: 10.1111/brv.12775

Fig 1.

Fig 1

Methods for creating reference models increase in level of abstraction. Methods progress from reference models that rely strongly on the empirical observations of sociality (left, Level 1) to methods that make assumptions about the generative processes that underlie the observed sociality and do not use the observed social associations when producing a reference model (right, Level 4).